2021 Vol. 34, No. 1
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2021, 34(1): 1-1.
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2021, 34(1): 1-2.
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2021, (1): 1-2.
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2021, 34(1): 1-9.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2021.01.001
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Objective The effects of thinning treatment on tree competition of Quercus mongolica secondary forest (oak forest) were evaluated, so as to provide references for further understanding the ecological adaptation mechanism of this kind of community and making reasonable management decisions. Method 12 permanent plots were established in the oak forest in Wangqing of Jilin Province in 2013. 4 management treatments were carried out, namely traditional management treatment (T1), crop tree management with density of 70 crop trees per hectare (T2), crop tree management with density of 100 crop trees per hectare (T3) and the control plot(T0). The plots were re-measured in 2018. The number of competitive trees used in Hegyi index was determined by the method of ordered sample clustering. The tree competition of oak forest and the response of competition to thinning treatment among the forest layers, dominant species and crop trees were analyzed. Result (1) The dominant species of the oak forest were Q. mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb, Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc. and Betula platyphylla Suk. (2) The rank of main tree species competition in the sample plot was Q. mongolica > Pinus koraiensis > Acer pictum > Tilia mandshurica > B. platyphylla > Populus ussuriensis > Larix olgensis > Fraxinus mandshurica > B. dahurica. The average interspecies competition of the main tree species was slightly stronger than the average intra-specific competition. (3) The competition of upper forest layer decreased significantly under T2 and T3. The competition intensity of B. platyphylla and Q. mongolica decreased in every treatment, especially under T3 (by 48 percent and 27 percent, respectively); the competition intensity of Pinus koraiensis increased in T0 only. The interspecific competition intensity of dominant tree species from T. mandshurica and A. pictum in T2 and T3 increased, while that of Populus ussuriensis decreased. The reduction of crop trees competition under T2 and T3 was significantly higher than T0, and T1. Conclusion By analyzing the competition among the tree species of the oak forest, it is concluded that the thinning based on the crop tree management can effectively reduce the competition of the upper layer and the dominant species in the natural secondary Q. mongolica forest. It is beneficial to cultivate the crop species and guide the positive succession of the forest. The results of this study proves the feasibility and rationality of the crop tree management.
2021, 34(1): 10-18.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2021.01.002
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Objective To study the changes of soil phosphorus and morphological characteristics in Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations with different planting rotations and to determine the factors affecting soil phosphorus availability of C. lanceolata plantation. Method The contents of total P, available P and inorganic P in the soil were determined, and the characteristics of phosphorus form, structure and mineral composition in soil were analyzed by using 31P-NMR, SEM-EDS, FTIR and XRD. Result The results of 31P-NMR analysis showed that the content of orthophosphate decreased, and the content of orthophosphoric monoester increased in C. lanceolata plantation after successive planting. The contents of total P, available P and Ca-P in soil decreased with the increase of planting rotations, which was opposite in the contents of O-P. The O-P content took the largest proportion among all forms of inorganic phosphorus, while the Al-P content took the smallest proportion. The SEM-EDS analysis showed that the soil colloid particles were stacked in sheets. The FTIR spectra showed that there was little difference in the surface functional group structure. The XRD analysis showed that the diffraction peak intensity of kaolinite and quartz decreased with the increase of planting rotation. Conclusion The soil morphology of C. lanceolata plantations with different planting rotations is mainly dominated by orthophosphate and orthophosphoric monoester. The total P, available P, Al-P and Fe-P will accumulate and distribute to the soil surface layer with the successive planting. The content of orthophosphate in the soil will decrease with the increase of planting rotations. Less content of Al-P in soil and the conversion of available P, Ca-P, Fe-P to the extremely insoluble O-P are important factor leading to low content of available phosphorus in the soil of successive planted C. lanceolata plantation. Successive plantation will increase the degree of soil maturation and decrease the degree of soil mineral crystallization.
2021, 34(1): 19-25.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2021.01.003
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Objective To study the application of discrete spectrum analysis in the Resistograph drill resistance sequence, and provide a method and basis for estimating the age of standing trees. Method Taking Larix principis-rupprechtii in Yangjuangou Forest Farm of Shanxi Province as the research object, 323 sets of drilling resistance series obtained by Resistograph drilling L. principis-rupprechtii in the same horizontal position and different directions was used as the research sample, and 104 stem discs were taken within 5 cm of the drilling position as reference samples. After detrending the Resistograph drill resistance sequence, the discrete spectrum decomposition was carried out to find the harmonic representing the annual change, and half of its period duration was taken as the tree age estimation. The results estimated by spectrum analysis algorithm, or auto-recognized by DECOM software were analyzed with the corresponding number of disc rings using paired data test. Result According to DBH size of living trees, the window parameters were selected, and the spectrum analysis algorithm was applied to the drilling resistance series of 323 groups of living trees, the algorithm estimating tree age closed to the actual age. The relative error distribution of the algorithm was mostly between −10% and 10%, the minimum relative error was 0, the maximum relative error was 27.98%, and the average relative error was −0.35%. Through paired data t-test, it was found that t-value was 0.85, indicating that there was no significant difference between the mean age estimated by the algorithm and the true mean age of trees. The relative error of the automatic analysis by DECOM software was large, mostly concentrated between −20% and −60%. The minimum relative error, the maximum relative error and the average relative error were −7.69%, −84.78% and −40.49%. Through paired data t-test, it was found that t-value was 20.25, indicating that there was significant difference between the mean age estimated by DECOM software and the mean tree age of trees. Conclusion The method of applying spectrum analysis to the drilling resistance data sequence can accurately estimate the age of L. principis-rupprechtii, improve the accuracy of measuring the standing age by Resistograph, which provides an effective way for micro-damage measurement of standing tree age.
2021, 34(1): 26-34.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2021.01.004
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Objective Using Poplar '84K' (Populus alba × P. glandulosa) as material to clone the promoter region and coding sequence (CDS) of histidine kinase gene PaHK3b, then to detect its expression and identify its functions, so as to provide clues for analyzing the function of PaHK3b in growth and development regulation of poplars and for molecular breeding and genetic improvement of poplar. Method Based on the published genome information of P. trichocarpa Torr. & Gray, the promoter region and CDS were cloned using the specific primers designed. The conservative structure domain and promoter cis-acting element were analyzed. At the same time, in vitro plants of Poplar '84K' were treated with several plant hormones (10 μmol·L−1 ABA, 10 μmol·L−1 6-BA, 10 μmol·L−1 IBA, 10 μmol·L−1 GA3, and 10 μmol·L−1 SA) under various abiotic stresses (42℃, 0℃, 200 mmol·L−1 NaCl, and 5% PEG6000). Differences in expression and response of PaHK3b gene were detected. Furthermore, the prokaryotic expression system was used to study the biological function of PaHK3b gene in vitro. Result The PaHK3b gene was 3060 bp in length and encoded 1019 amino acids. PaHK3b protein had a typical cytokinin receptor domain, a CHASE domain, a HisKA domain, and a REC domain. Besides, a large number of common core elements of TATA box and CAAT box, a number of stress-related and hormone-related regulatory elements, such as low temperature response element LTR, defense and stress responsive element TC-rich repeats, gibberellin responsive element GARE-motif, salicylic acid responsive element TCA-element etc. were predicted in the promoter sequence of PaHK3b gene, that closely related to the plant hormone and stress response regulations. The qRT-PCR results showed that PaHK3b gene was expressed the highest in leaf, medium in root, and least in stem. The transcriptional levels of PaHK3b gene were about 2.67, 2.61, 2.28, 1.87 times that of the control respectively under 42℃, 0℃, 200 mmol·L−1 NaCl, and 5% PEG treatments. Under IBA treatment, the transcripts of PaHK3b were not significantly different from that of the control. The expression of PaHK3b were down-regulated under the treatments of 6-BA, ABA, GA3 and SA respectively. The growth of the Escherichia coli strain with PaHK3b prokaryotic expression construction in LB liquid medium supplemented with 5% PEG6000 were faster than that of the control. Meanwhile, the growth of the E. coli strain with PaHK3b prokaryotic expression construction on solid LB contained 50~150 mmolL−1 NaCl was better than that of the control. Conclusion The promoter of poplar '84K' PaHK3b gene contained cis-regulatory elements, such as stress response element and hormone responsive element etc, showing that PaHK3b gene is closely related to the response of poplar to hormones and abiotic stress. It is confirmed by abiotic stress treatment, hormone treatment and prokaryotic expression that PaHK3b gene participates in the signal response of plant hormones and plays an important role in poplar response to abiotic stresses.
2021, 34(1): 35-46.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2021.01.005
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Objective The objective of this study is to provide references for breeding, protection and utilization of Garcinia paucinervis through studying the molecular mechanisms of dormancy release and gaining the candidate genes associated with dormancy release. Method Transcriptome sequencing was carried out on three groups of samples: fresh mature seeds (OS), the ungerminated seeds after sowing for 60 days (UG) and the germinated seeds after sowing for 60 days (GS). Result (1) 120 040 unigenes were obtained from the three groups of samples, among which 56 224 were annotated in KEGG databases. (2) Compared with the OS, 1 174 up-regulated unigenes and 2 232 down-regulated unigenes were obtained in the GS. Compared with the OS, 849 up-regulated unigenes and 1926 down-regulated unigenes were obtained in the UG. Compared with the UG, 814 up-regulated unigenes and 670 down-regulated unigenes were obtained in the GS. (3) Among the 122 genes which were screened to be significantly differentially expressed, the significantly up-regulated genes involved pathways including calcium signal, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, ribosome and plant hormone signal transduction, while the significantly down-regulated genes involved pathways including glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, fatty acid biosynthesis and degradation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum and biosynthesis of amino acids. (4) Forty DEGs were screened involving ABA, GA, auxin, ethylene and other hormones, among which ZEP, GA2ox1, GA2ox3, GAI, GID1, SnRK2.2, and ACO1 were significantly down-regulated during the dormancy release of seeds, while CYP707A2, GA20ox1, and GA3ox2 were significantly up-regulated. Conclusion The dormancy of G. paucinervis seeds might be broken by up-regulating pathways including calcium signal and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and down-regulating pathways including glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, fatty acid biosynthesis and degradation, etc., followed by up-regulating of related genes of GA synthesis and ABA decomposition, coupled with down-regulating of related genes of ABA synthesis and GA decomposition to interact with the regulatory networks of transcription factors during the dormancy release of G. paucinervis seeds.
2021, 34(1): 47-55.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2021.01.006
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Objective To study the molecular response mechanism of Fraxinus velutina Torr to the infection of Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire. Method The phloem of non-infested and infested F. velutina stem were used as the experimental materials to analyze the transcriptome expression changes of the phloem using RNA-Seq sequencing technology. Result By comparing the transcriptome data of non-infested and infested phloem, a total of 3388 DEGs were identified, among which 2141 were up-regulated and 1247 were down regulated. Through GO functional annotation, the differential genes were divided into 20 functional categories, including cellular processes, metabolic processes, catalytic activities, binding elements, transport activities and nucleic acid binding transcription factor activities. The metabolic pathways and functional enrichment of KEGG were analyzed. There were 20 metabolic pathways, including carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism and lipid metabolism. In addition, differentially expressed genes were enriched in 122 pathways, including plant-pathogen interactions, metabolic processes, carbohydrate binding, nucleic acid-binding transcription factor activities. According to transcriptome family statistics, it was found that there were 20 transcription factor families in phloem of non-infested and infested F. velutina, among which C3H, bHLH, NAC, MYB, B3, GRAS and SBP were significantly different. Conclusion The study will provide theoretical basis for revealing the molecular response mechanism of F. velutina to insect stress.
2021, 34(1): 56-64.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2021.01.007
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Objective To analyze the dynamic changes of endogenous hormone content during seed development of Catalpa bungei in order to reveal the mechanism of self-fertilization, as well as to provide evidence for adjusting the addition of exogenous hormones during somatic embryogenesis. Method The morphological changes of seeds of of two C. bungei clones (C. bungei 'Luoqiu 1', and C. bungei 'Luoqiu 3') were observed during their development after pollination. Their concentrations of IAA, iPA, GAs and ABA were analyzed using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Result The seed of clone C. bungei 'Luoqiu 3' developed faster than that of clone C. bungei 'Luoqiu 1'. The content of IAA in the two clones decreased at first and then increased, and the IAA content of clone C. bungei 'Luoqiu 3' reached its peak at the early stage of development (the 45th day after pollination), while that of clone C. bungei 'Luoqiu 1' reached its maximum value at 90th day after pollination. There was no significant change in iPA content in the seeds of the two clones, and the contents of GAs and ABA decreased continuously. The ratio of iPA/ABA, GAs/ABA and (IAA + iPA + GAs)/ABA of two clones showed the same trend, and the ratio of IAA/ABA of clone C. bungei 'Luoqiu 1' was on the rise, while this ratio of clone C. bungei 'Luoqiu 3' decreased at first and then increased. Conclusion The content of endogenous hormones of C. bungei seeds shows a dynamic change with the embryo development. The differences in IAA content and IAA/ABA ratio are the main reason for the difference of embryo development rate between the two clones. Early embryo development requires a high proportion of growth promoting hormones, followed by a significant increase in the proportion of growth inhibiting hormones, promoting embryo and seed maturation.
2021, 34(1): 65-70.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2021.01.008
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Objective To study the effects of improved varieties and initial planting densities on stand basal area growth of young Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantation and their interaction, so as to explore the basal area growth of Chinese fir plantation controlled by the two factors. Method The improved varieties-initial planting densities interactive trial forest of Chinese fir was established in Weimin State-owned Forestry Farm, Shaowu, Fujian Province in 2012. Based on 8-years' positioning observation data of interactive trial forest, the effects of two improved varieties (first generation seed orchard and third generation seed orchard) and four planting densities (1 667, 3 333, 5 000, and 6 667 trees·hm−2) on stand basal area growth of Chinese fir plantation were analyzed. Result The effect of initial planting density on the growth of stand basal area was very significant. At the same age level, the stand basal area growth became larger with the increase of initial planting density. The improved varieties had no significant effect on the stand basal area growth. However, under the lower initial planting densities (1 667 and 3 333 trees·hm-2), the stand basal area growth of the third generation seed was higher than that of the first generation seed, and this phenomenon became more obvious with age. The results of variance analysis showed that the interaction between the initial planting densities and improved varieties had no significant effect on the stand basal area growth. But the results of multiple comparisons showed that under the lower initial planting densities, the positive effect of improved varieties and initial planting densities had an addictive effect on the stand basal area growth, and the addictive effect was more obvious with age. But under the higher initial planting densities (5 000 and 6 667 trees·hm−2), the effect of different combinations of the improved varieties and initial planting densities on stand basal area growth was not significant. Conclusion Under the lower initial planting densities, improved varieties and initial planting densities have an addictive effect on stand basal area growth of young Chinese fir plantation, the stand basal area growth of the third generation seed with 3 333 trees·hm−2 is significantly higher than that of the combination of the first generation seed and1 667 trees·hm−2. The effects of improved varieties on stand basal area growth decrease with the initial planting densities increase.
2021, 34(1): 71-79.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2021.01.009
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Objective To analyze the metabolomic characteristics of carotenoid components in the fruits of Sorbus pohuashanensis and S. discolor in three developmental stages of fruit for the purpose of studying the mechanism of fruit coloration of Sorbus trees. Method The carotenoid components in fruits of the two Sorbus species were qualitatively and quantitatively determined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to compare the differences between the two species, and to analyze the relationship between carotenoid component of fruit and the color of pericarp. Result Qualitative analysis showed there was a total of twelve carotenoids in S. pohuashanensis and seven in S. discolor. Quantitative analysis indicated that carotenoid accumulation of S. pohuashanensis were higher significantly than that of S. discolor at three developmental stages of fruit. As the fruit ripening, the carotenoid accumulation of S. pohuashanensis increased significantly, β-carotene was the main component, the accumulation of β-carotene increased from 33.40 mg·kg−1 to 81.40 mg·kg−1, and the percentage increased from 54.68% to 79.36%, while the carotenoid accumulation of S. discolor decreased significantly during fruit development. Conclusion β-carotene is the main carotenoid compound in the fruit of S. pohuashanensis, and the coloration of fruit was significantly and positively correlated with the accumulation of β-carotene. The accumulation of carotenoid in S. discolor is significantly lower compared with S. pohuashanensis, and the carotenoid content reduces significantly within the development process which is one of the factors leading to white pericarp of the fruit without other colors.
2021, 34(1): 80-87.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2021.01.010
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Objective To quantitatively evaluate the degree of potential damage of Cephalcia kunyushanica Xiao and construct a evaluation system of pest based index (PBI) - site factors of C. kunyushanica. Method The pest based index of each sample plot was found based on the PBI curve group graph of C. kunyushanica. The key site factors were screened through correlation analysis, and the equations of PBI-all site factors and PBI-key site factors of C. kunyushanica were established respectively by using the theory of quantification Ⅰ. Result (1) Correlation analysis showed that the elevation, gradient, humus depth and soil texture had extremely significant influence on pest based index (P < 0.01), and their contributions to PBI increased in turn. (2) The multiple linear regression model of all site factors, key site factors and pest based index reached the extremely significant level statistically (P < 0.01). The determination coefficient (R2) was 0.823 and 0.730, respectively, indicating that the model had a good fitting effect, and 4 key site factors could be used to replace all site factors as the independent variables of the equation. (3) The pest basis index calculated by the model of key site factor was evaluated, and the result showed that the average estimation error (MPE) was 5.87%, indicating that the estimation accuracy could reach 94.13%. TRE values were all close to 0, indicating that the model is reliable. Conclusion Pest based index - site factors evaluation system can quantitatively evaluate the potential infection of C. kunyushanica, which can provide theoretical basis for optimum planting and prevention of C. kunyushanica.
2021, 34(1): 88-97.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2021.01.011
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Objective To assess the relationships between the growth and heartwood formation of Castanopsis hystrix plantation and the physicochemical properties of soil so as to provide evidences for site selection and high-quality heartwood production of C. hystrix. Method Nine plots with size of 20 m × 30 m were set, and the growth of C. hystrix trees within each plot were investigated in middle-aged and near-matured pure C. hystrix plantations at the Experimental Centre of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry in Pingxiang of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The dominant trees were sampled, and the stem analysis were conducted to reveal their growth and heartwood properties. Meanwhile, soil samples were collected from 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm, 40-60 cm and 60-100 cm depths, respectively, to analyze the physical and chemical properties. Grey relationship analysis was applied to study the effects of soil physicochemical properties on the growth and heartwood properties of C. hystrix. Result The ratio of heartwood diameter, height and volume in the middle-aged and near-matured plantations were 24.27% and 49.33%, 44.99% and 45.99%, and 14.94% and 6.88%, respectively. It was indicated from Grey correlation analysis that the diameter at breast height, height and volume showed high coefficients with soil capillary porosity and total porosity in near-matured plantations, while with soil non-capillary porosity and total phosphorus content in middle-aged plantations. The heartwood properties showed high coefficients with the contents of total potassium as well as available potassium and phosphorus in both the middle-aged and near-matured plantations. Conclusion Soil capillary porosity, non-capillary porosity and total porosity are the main factors influencing the growth of C. hystrix plantations, and soil total potassium and available potassium contents are the main factors influencing the heartwood formation of C. hystrix.
2021, 34(1): 98-105.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2021.01.012
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Objective To detect forest resources with object-oriented multi-feature change vector analysis. Method Object-oriented change vector analysis was applied to detect forest changes using GF2 multispectral images in a study site located in Shangsi County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region where forest harvesting and planting often happens and the forest land experiences frequent changes. Random forests with mean decrease accuracy were employed to select features. Better method and result of forest change detection were produced by comparison between change vector analysis by feature selection and general change vector analysis based on spectral average, spectral average and standard deviation, as well as NDVI difference. Result The accuracy of forest change detection based on change vector analysis with NDVI and spectral averages of blue, green and red bands was the highest. The overall accuracy was 92.94%, the Kappa coefficient was 0.7630, the commission rate and omission rate of change land type were 15.63%, and 22.86% respectively. Conclusion By feature selection, object-oriented change vector analysis shows better effect on forest change detection than general change vector analysis.
2021, 34(1): 106-113.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2021.01.013
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Objective To study the soil enzyme activities and their stoichiometry in Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) forests interplanted with broadleaved trees, and assess the soil nutrient and fertility conditions in these forests. Method Soil physicochemical properties, soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), nitrogen (MBN) and phosphorus (MBP), and soil enzyme activities in surface soil (0~10 cm in depth) were determined in different interplanting forests (young Chinese fir interplanting forest, mature Chinese fir interplanting forest) and pure Chinese fir plantation in Sanming, Fujian Province. Result The contents of total C, total N and MBC increased significantly after interplanted with broadleaved trees, especially in mature Chinese fir interplanting forest. After interplanting, the activities of: β-N-Acetylglucosaminidase (NAG) and acid phosphatase (AP) increased significantly, and the activity ofβ-glucosidase (βG) decreased significantly. The ratios of βG:AP and NAG:AP were lower than global average, which showed that the soil microorganisms in this area were in the state of phosphorus restriction. The activities of AP and NAG increased after interplanting and thus βG:AP and βG:NAG ratios decreased significantly. Redundancy analysis showed that soil C:N and MBC:MBN explained 92.3% and 4.4% of soil enzyme activity and enzyme stoichiometric ratio variation, respectively. Conclusion Chinese fir interplanted with broadleaved trees can help to accumulate soil nutrients and improve soil properties.
2021, 34(1): 114-120.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2021.01.014
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Objective To clarify the geographical variation of main medicinal components of Paris polyphylla, and provide data for the utilization of germplasm resources and site selection of raw material forest base of P. polyphylla. Method The contents of total phenolic acids, total flavonoids, saponin I, II, VI and VII in rhizomes of 10 P. polyphylla provenances from 8 provinces of China were determined and analyzed. Result There were significant differences in the contents of total phenolic acid, total flavonoids, saponin I, II, VI and VII in rhizomes among these provenances. The variation range of total phenolic acid content in rhizomes among provenances was 1.718-5.436 mg·g−1; the variation range of total flavone content was 0.780-1.457 mg·g−1; the variation ranges of contents of saponin I, II, VI and VII were 0.008-2.106 mg·g−1, 0.000-0.646 mg·g−1, 0.000-0.521 mg·g−1, and 0.000-9.170 mg·g−1. The content of total phenolic acid in rhizome of P. polyphylla was positively correlated with the altitude of origin, the content of saponin Ⅱ was positively correlated with the average temperature of January, and the content of total flavone was negatively correlated with the sunshine hours of the whole year, and the content of saponin Ⅶ was negatively correlated with the altitude. There was a highly negative correlation between total saponin and altitude, a highly positive correlation between saponin II and annual average temperature, a highly positive correlation between saponin VI and the average temperature in July, a moderate positive correlation between total phenolic acid and total flavone content, between total flavone and saponin I content, between saponin I and saponin II content, a highly positive correlation between total saponin and saponin VII content. Cluster analysis showed that the 10 provenances could be divided into three groups: low phenolic acid, low flavone and high saponin groups, high phenolic acid, high flavone, low saponin groups and middle phenolic acid, middle flavone and middle saponin groups. Conclusion The provenance from Guilin of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region is a elite provenance with high phenolic acid and high flavone, and the provenance from Qimen of Anhui Province is a elite provenance with high saponins.
2021, 34(1): 121-127.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2021.01.015
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Objective A filed test was conducted to evaluate the growth response, enrichment and transfer characteristics to heavy metal and vegetation restoration prospect of four families from Quercus variabilis. Method Vegetation restoration test was carried out in the abandoned lead-zinc tailings for 3 years. The seedlings of four families (Taishan 3, Taishan 7, Taishan 8, and Julaishan 5) were transplanted into Pb/Zn mine tailing to compare their biomass, uptake and transfer characteristics of nutrient elements and heavy metals. Result The results showed that all the seedlings could survive in the Pb/Zn tailing and the toxicity symptoms was not observed. Under heavy metal stress, there were statistically significant differences among the seedlings of the four families according to the nutrient concentrations. Meanwhile, all families had high capability of utilization efficiency. Generally, the concentrations of heavy metals in different organs of Q. variabilis were low, and the values of bioconcentration factor (BCF) were less than 0.100. The values of translocation factor (TF) were more than 0.5, except Pb. The average BCF and TF values of family Taishan 8 were lower than those of the other families. Conclusion The results suggest that the families from Q. variabilis have high tolerance with the low BCF and TF, implying that they are better potential candidates for contaminated soil.
2021, 34(1): 128-136.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2021.01.016
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Objective In order to understand the effect of Castanopsis kawakamii natural forest litter on seed germination and radicle growth of Pinus massoniana, the main associated species. Method The allelopathic effects of different decomposition layers and concentration extracts of C. kawakamii natural forest litter on seed germination and radicle growth of P. massoniana were investigated. Result (1) The main factors affecting the seed germination of P. massoniana were litter decomposition layer, the litter of undecomposed and fully decomposed layers had no significant effect on the germination of P. massoniana seeds, the semi-decomposed layer inhibited the germination rate and germination index and promoted the germination potential. (2) The main factors affecting radicle growth were the concentration and time of extract and the combined action of decomposition layer-concentration-time. The un-decomposed layer inhibited the whole radicle growth period of P. massoniana seeds except 1: 5, and increased with the decrease of concentration, and promoted the most at 1: 100, the semi-decomposed layer was promoted by low concentration and high concentration, and the intermediate concentration was inhibited, fully decomposed layer was promoted and weakened with the decrease of concentration.and the promotion effect was the strongest with the decrease of concentration. (3) Correspondence analysis showed that different decomposition layers-concentrations had no significant effect on seed germination of P. massoniana, but had a significant correlation with radicle growth. Conclusion The litter extract of different decomposition layers had weak effect on seed germination of P. massoniana, and promoted radicle growth at low concentration, inhibited radicle growth at high concentration, and promoted semi-decomposition and fully decomposition extract. The allelopathy effect of litter on radicle growth was more obvious.
2021, 34(1): 137-145.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2021.01.017
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Objective To Screen the stable internal control genes for fluorescence quantitative PCR analysis in different tissues of Fokienia hodginsii. Method Based on transcriptone data of F. hodginsii, the root, bark and leaf of F. hodginsii were selected as materials, the cDNA mixture of different tissues of F. hodginsii in 5 mass concentrations (0.32, 1.6, 8, 40 and 200ng·μL−1) were established as models, 8 genes (ACT7, UBQ, EF2, CACs, TIP41, UBC2b, RH8 and GAPDH) were selected as the candidate genes. The expression stability of the candidate genes were evaluated by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR combined with geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper software. Stable candidate genes in evaluation results were selected as the internal control genes and their stabilities were verified by analyzing the relative expression of four terpene synthase target genes (FhTPS1, FhTPS2, FhTPS3 and FhTPS4) in different tissues of F. hodginsii. Result The results by analyzing with the three kinds of software showed that the most stable internal control genes in different tissues were ACT7 and UBC2b. The results of fluorescent quantitative PCR analysis showed that ACT7 and UBC2b were stably expressed in different tissues of F. hodginsii. The relative expression levels of the four target genes were different among the tissues of F. hodginsii. The relative expression level of FhTPS1 was the highest in root, FhTPS2 and FhTPS4 were the highest in leaf, FhTPS3 was the highest in bark. Conclusion Of the 8 candidate reference genes, ACT7 and UBC2b are suitable as internal control genes for expression analysis due to they are stably expressed among tissues of F. hodginsii and not affected by the changes of cDNA mass concentration, the combination of two genes is normalized stably and improves the accuracy of quantitative analysis. RH8 is not suitable as internal control gene due to its instability.
2021, 34(1): 146-152.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2021.01.018
Abstract:
Objective To study the physiological responses of Betula nigra in fluctuating zone to flooding in order to support the phytoremediation. Method Taking Xikou Township, which is located at the fluctuating zone of Wanzhou Section of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, as the experimental site, the growth index, physiological index and anatomical structure of B. nigra, which experienced one to five times of flooding, were compared to study the response of B. nigra to periodic flooding. Result The results showed that the height of B. nigra seedlings tended toward increase after 5 times of flooding, but there was no difference in DBH. The leaf water content and the CK were no longer different after two times of flooding; the leaf chlorophyll content a, total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a/b were no longer changed after three times of flooding. After one to two times of flooding, the content of soluble protein in B. nigra leaves was higher than that in CK. After three times of flooding, there was no difference between birch leaves and the CK. After four times of flooding, there was no difference between B. nigra roots and the CK. The MDA content in leaves and roots increased significantly after one and two times of flooding compared with that in CK, and there was no difference after three times of flooding. The SOD content in leaves increased after the first time of flooding compared with the CK, and there was no difference after two times of flooding. There was no difference of SOD content in roots after three times of flooding. The anatomical structure showed that the upper epidermis of the leaves was thickened after flooding, and the palisade tissue was developed and arranged closely. After four to five times of flooding, the cell gap of the spongy tissue of the leaves increased, forming large stomatal fossa, and some dissolved tissue with large gap appeared between the xylem and phloem of the vascular bundle of the leaves. Conclusion The B. nigra planted at the elevation of 172 m in the fluctuating zone of Wanzhou District has produced a more obvious compensation effect under the condition of intermittent semi-flooding. It has already had a good adaptability after three times of flooding.
2021, 34(1): 153-164.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2021.01.019
Abstract:
Objective To test the toxicity of 8 fungicides against Colletotrichum in laboratory and screen out effective fungicides to control pecan anthracnose. Method The method of comparing mycelia growth rate was used to determine the fungistasis of 8 fungicides to 26 strains of 9 Colletotrichum species, then the virulence regression equations were built, and the EC50 values for each fungicide were calculated. Result Among the 8 fungicides tested, Prochloraz and Fludioxonil showed the strongest fungistasis to mycelium growth of all trains, with an average EC50 value of 0.14 mg·L-1 and 0.15 mg·L-1, respectively. Tebuconazole had a strong fungistasis to mycelium growth of C. fioriniae, C. liaoningense, C. tamarilloi and C. americae-borealis (mean EC50 = 0.49 mg·L−1), but showed a moderate inhibitory effect on other 5 species (mean EC50 = 23.60 mg·L−1). Difenoconazole had a strong inhibitory effect on mycelium growth of five Colletotrichum species, C. nymphaeae, C. siamense, C. alienum, C. fioriniae and C. coelogynes (mean EC50 = 0.81 mg·L−1), but showed low virulence for the other 4 species (mean EC50 = 2.00 mg·L−1). The virulence of Mancozeb for the 9 pathogens was the worst, with the average EC50 value of 42.70 mg·L−1. Conclusion Prochloraz and Fludioxonil show high virulence for pecan anthracnose, and are the optimal candidates for field control against pecan anthracnose. It is suggested to use Prochloraz, Fludioxonil, Difenoconazole and Thiophanate-methyl in rotation to control pecan anthracnose effectively and avoid developing resistance.
2021, 34(1): 165-172.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2021.01.020
Abstract:
Objective To analyze the correlation between mineral elements content in leaves and the economic characters of Camellia oleifera in order to provide references for nutritional status evaluation and nutrition management of C. oleifera. Method Two elite varieties ‘Changlin 4’ and ‘Changlin 53’ were selected to analyze the correlations between nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium contents in leaves and the yield, oil content in kernel and flower bud number using isometric log-ratio (ILR) transformation. Result The results showed that the contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium in leaves of ‘Changlin 53’ were 12.72, 0.89 and 3.65 g·kg−1, respectively. It was significantly higher than that of ‘Changlin 4’, which were 11.40, 0.80 and 3.11 g·kg−1, respectively. And a significant positive correlation was found among the three elements (P < 0.01). The ILR[N, P|K] values of ‘Changlin 4’ and ‘Changlin 53’ were positively correlated with the yield, the R2 value were 0.405 6 and 0.713 6, respectively. The ILR[N, P|K] values of ‘Changlin 4’ and ‘Changlin 53’ were positively correlated with the flower bud/leaves ratio as well, and the R2 value were 0.943 7 and 0.988 7, respectively. While a negatively correlation was found between ILR[N, P|K] value and oil content in kernel, the R2 values of ‘Changlin 4’ and ‘Changlin 53’ were 0.807 4 and 0.857 3, respectively. Conclusion The contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in leaves are significantly different among cultivars and are positively correlated with each other. Taking ILR[N, P|K] values as reference indexes is more reliable and stable than taking the value of a single element as an index when evaluating the yield per crown area and oil content in kernel of varieties. The ILR[N, P|K] value should be controlled at the level of 0.40-0.43.
2021, 34(1): 173-180.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2021.01.021
Abstract:
Objective To understand the natural diffusion behavior of Agrilus mali Matsumura, in order to develop reasonable pest control strategy. Method In an apple orchard at Yili of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, the method of marking and re-catching was used to monitor the amount of male and female A. mali spreading in different directions and distances. The influencing factors were studied, the diffusion velocity was analyzed, and the insect population was estimated. Result The results showed that the diffusion of A. mali among forests was selective in direction. It diffused mainly to the north, south and northeast, the insect re-caught in the three directions occupied respectively by 3.2%, 3.2% and 2.7% of the total amount of the marked insect released. No marked specimens were re-caught in the directions of southeast and southwest. With the increase of the distance to re-catching point, the amount of re-caught insects decreased, the maximum amount of diffusion was at 5 m, which accounted for 6.6% of the total amount of released A. mali. It was found the farthest distance of diffusion was 35 m to the north, indicating that there was a greater potential for the marked insect to migrate from the north of the orchard. The diffusion distance shows an exponential distribution trend. The peak diffusion rate of the male appeared in the third day, which was 1.7 m/d; while the peak of the average diffusion rate of females occurred on 12th day, at 2.5 m/d. With the prolonging of the release time, the diffusivity of male and female insects increased gradually. According to the population amount estimation equation, the estimated population amount of A. mali was 2,253, the female adult was estimated at 1,262, the estimated male adult was 989. Conclusion A. mali in the forest has a certain natural diffusion ability up to 35 meters. the female is more diffusive than the male, the population estimation of A. mali in forestland can provide a reference for the dynamic prediction and control strategy.
2021, 34(1): 181-186.
doi: 10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2021.01.022
Abstract:
Objective To understand the nitrogen fixation function of the endophytic microorganisms in the roots of mangrove plants and obtain nitrogen-fixing bacteria with higher nitrogen fixation ability by isolating the nitrogen-fixing strains and purifying them from root tissues of mangrove plants. Method The Ashby nitrogen-free medium was selected as separation condition, and the endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria were isolated from surface of surface-sterilized plant roots, then the nitrogen-fixing ability of the strain was determined by Kjeldahl method. The monofactor method was used to optimize the culture conditions, and typical growth curve of strain was obtained. Result The results showed that a strain of nitrogen-fixing bacterium A1 with high nitrogen-fixing ability was selected as Gram-negative bacterium, and its colony was round milky white, the nitrogen fixation rate of the strain was 16.695 mg·L−1. Its optimum growth conditions were temperature 32°C, pH 7, NaCl concentration 2%, and the optimum carbon source was starch. Conclusion This experiment can provide a theoretical reference for the cultivation of excellent mangrove nitrogen-fixing bacteria and the development of high-efficiency nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
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