2023 Vol. 36, No. 2
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2023, 36(2): -1--1.
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Abstract:
2023, 36(2): 1-11.
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220548
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Objective Antennae are the most important olfactory organs of insects, and the antennal sensilla are the fundamental morphological units in their olfactory recognitions. To understand the variety and morphology of the antennal sensilla of Sclerodermus pupariae (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae), an important natural enemy of many buprestids and longhorned beetles. Method The ultrastructures of antennae and sensilla of male and female parasitoid adults were investigated by scanning electron microscope, and the distribution and quantity of sensilla on female and male antennae were analyzed. Result The antennae of both male and female parasitoids were knee shaped, and they were consistently constituted with scape, pedicel, and 11 flagellomeres. The antennae of male parasitoids were much longer than those of female wasps. There were seven categories with 11 types of sensilla on the antennae of S. pupariae, including two types of sensilla chaetica (Ch1 and Ch2), three types of sensilla trichodea (Tr1, Tr2, and Tr3), one type of sensilla basiconica (Ba), one type of sensilla placodea (Pl), two types of sensilla styloconica (St1 and St2), one type of sensilla coeloconica (Co), and one type of sensilla squamiforma (Sq). Ten types of sensilla were observed on the antennae of female, and the sensilla Tr1, Tr2, and Ba were restrictedly distributed on female′s antennae. There were eight types of sensilla on the antennae of male, and the sensilla Tr3 were only observed in males. There were six types of sensilla showed consistent quantities across individuals of the same sex, including sensilla Tr1, Ba, Pl, St1, St2, and Co. For other five types of sensilla, their numbers varied among individuals in both females and males. The number of sensilla Ch1 and St1 on the antennae of female adults was significantly higher than that on male adults. Nevertheless, the number of sensilla Pl and St2 on the antennae of male adults was significantly higher than that on female adults. The number of sensilla Co was the same between female and male parasitoids. The sensilla Tr1, Tr2, Tr3, Ba, Pl, and Co were six typical chemosensilla because multiple wall pores could be found on their surfaces. Conclusion We analyzed the ultrastructure of antennal sensilla of S. pupariae, and found that the types, quantities, and distributions of antennal sensilla between female and male parasitoids have typical sexual dimorphism, which will provide fundamental data for the future investigations on the chemoreception mechanism and olfactory behavior differences between the male and female parasitoids.
2023, 36(2): 12-21.
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220432
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Objective A comprehensive index of stand spatial structure based on adjacent trees was constructed to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of stand spatial structure and guide the optimization of stand structure. Method Based on the interpretation of the mean values of stand spatial structure parameters of uniform angle index, crowding, neighborhood comparison and mingling, they were assigned and standardized to make them positive indicators; the average value of mingling is a positive index, and the measured value is adopted; Then the stand spatial structure parameters were combined with the unit circle method to construct the stand spatial structure comprehensive evaluation index (FSS), and its effectiveness was verified by different stand types. Result The evaluation results of 47 sample plots in 4 regions of China using the constructed spatial structure comprehensive evaluation index showed that: 1) The spatial structure of natural pure forests under extreme site conditions was the worst among natural forests; 2) The spatial structure of natural mixed forest was better than that of artificial mixed forest; 3) The stand spatial structure of mixed plantation is obviously better than that of pure plantation; 4) The spatial structure of natural pure forest was better than that of artificial pure forest. Conclusion The comprehensive evaluation index of stand spatial structure can evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of stand spatial structure, and can scientifically express the general understanding that "the spatial structure of natural mixed forest is superior to that of artificial mixed forest, artificial mixed forest is superior to that of artificial pure forest, and natural pure forest is superior to that of artificial pure forest". It is a better comprehensive measure index of stand spatial structure, and has guiding significance for optimization of stand spatial structure and effect evaluation.
2023, 36(2): 22-30.
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220203
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Objective To clarify the reproductive characteristics and regulation of Monochamus saltuarius, in this study, the reproductive behavior of the adults of M. saltuarius under laboratory conditions was observed and analyzed, which is helpful for the study of control strategies on the basis of its reproductive characteristics. The population density of the next generation can be reduced by inhibiting or delaying the mating of the M. saltuarius. Method After nutrition supplementation, the a couple of 3-day-old female and male M. saltuarius adults were put in a transparent glass jar with segments and branches of P. koraiensis at room temperature, relative humidity 55% ± 5%, lighting conditions 8D:16L. The mounting, mating, gnawing oviposition scars, ovipositing and circadian rhythm of adults were observed continuously until they died. Result The results showed that the mating of M. saltuarius could be divided into three stages: pair-bonding, ejaculation, and post-copulatory guarding. The average mating time of each adult was 2.38 ± 0.89 times per day, and the average mating duration was 27.86 ± 18.37 min per time; the average mating time was 1.74 ± 0.51 times per day, and the average mating duration was 8.68 ± 4.42 min per time; female adults average gnawing an oviposition scar of 1.76 ± 0.74 times per day, and the average duration of gnawing oviposition scars was 16.25 ± 9.45 min per time; the average spawning time was 1.87 ± 0.61 times per day, and the average duration of spawning was 16.00 ± 10.04 min per time. When there were three pairs of M. saltuarius in the glass jar, the times of mounting, mating, and gnawing oviposition scars increased, the number of eggs laid decreased, and the average duration of each mating behavior shortened. The reproductive behavior of M. saltuarius had an obvious cricadian rhythm, there were peaks during mationg and oviposition periods. The peak period of mating was 12:00-14:00, and the peak period of oviposition was 14:00-16:00 00. The study also found that during the mating process male adults tried to mate with the dead female adults, homosexual adults tried to mate with each other, and three adults mounted together. Conclusion Under indoor conditions, M. saltuarius begins to reproduce on the 3th day after nutritional supplementation. The mating process can be divided into three stages: pair-bonding, ejaculation, and post-copulatory guarding. The mating and spawning behaviors of M. saltuarius have circadian rhythms.
2023, 36(2): 31-38.
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220459
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Objective To provide the reference basis for decision-making for the close-to-natural management of plantations, the changes of forest quality and the development of tree species were analyzed after the close-to-natural transformation of Pinus massoniana. Method In 2007, 20 experimental plots for close-to-natural transformation of Pinus massoniana single species plantation were set up in the Tropical Forestry Experimental Center of Chinese Academy of Forestry in Pingxiang County, Guangxi , including16 operational plots and 4 control plots. In 2007, the first comprehensive survey was done to obtain basic data, and the implementation of selective cutting for target tree management was carried out in the winter of the same year. In the spring of 2008, trees of six broad-leaved species were planted in the stand. In 2016, the second felling for target tree tending was implemented. After 2007, the re- survey of the sample plot was carried out every 2 years, and a total of 7-phase monitoring data were obtained. Statistical calculation was made for the important value index (IVI), average diameter at breast height and pure growth of standing volume based on the monitoring data, and the effect of close-to-natural transformation of Pinus massoniana single species plantation towards multi-species mixed forest was analyzed and evaluated based on tree species composition, stand structure, stand growth, soil and microorganisms development in forest. Result After 13 years of close-to-natural transformation of Pinus massoniana pure plantation, the stand gradually transited to the structure of uneven-aged multi-species mixed forest. The IVI of the 6 tree species enriching planted under the forest were in the top 10 of IVI series, and the natural regeneration of Styrax tonkinensis and Vernicia fordii species appeared in the stand. The distribution of diameter at breast height of Pinus massoniana transformed forest was enlarged from 5 cm to 55 cm, showing the rapid development trend of mixed uneven-aged forest under the promotion of management measures. However, the untreated control stands still showed diameter class distribution of single species even-aged stand. The growth of the transformed stand was significantly higher than that of the control stand, and the growth of the stand was mainly concentrated in the trees with larger diameter, which improved the economic value of forest woods. In addition, the soil microbial content and soil physical and chemical properties of the transformed stand were significantly improved than those of the control stand. Conclusion Adjusting tree species composition is the most important management measure in Close-to-natural transformation of forest. Enlarging the distribution range of diameter class structure is the basic target of close-to-natural transformation of conifer even-aged plantation. Close-to-natural transformation increases significantly the forest growth, promotes the development of soil micro-organisms and improves the quality of forest ecosystem.
2023, 36(2): 39-49.
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220417
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Objective To understand the molecular mechanism of Kandelia obovata in response to low temperature stress and cultivate new varieties of cold resistance. Method Based on the annual container seedlings of 'Longgang' K. obovata, a cold-tolerant mangrove cultiva, the control group ( CK ) was treated at 15 oC for 12 h and the low temperature group ( LT ) was treated at −5 oC for 12 h. Illumina HiSeq sequencing platform was used for transcriptome sequencing, and the genes related to abscisic acid signaling pathway were discovered. Result The results showed that a total of 148 transcription factors were identified by transcriptome sequencing, which belonged to 25 transcription factor families. Among them, ERF, NAC, WRKY, bHLH, MYB, bZIP, HB-other and MYB-related families contained more genes, which were 17, 14, 12, 12, 10, 9, 6 and 6, respectively. A total of 1 330 differentially expressed genes ( DEGs ) were screened in the differential group, of which 698 ( 52.48% ) were up-regulated and 632 ( 47.52% ) were down-regulated. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that DEGs were significantly enriched in plant hormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, galactose metabolism, photosynthesis-antenna protein, and alpha-Linolenic acid metabolism. Among the abscisic acid signaling pathways, KoPYL1, KoABF1, and KoABF2 were up-regulated and KoPP2C1 and KoABF3 were down-regulated, and the expression of these genes was consistent with the qRT-PCR validation results. Conclusion ERF, NAC, WRKY, bHLH, MYB, bZIP, HB-other and MYB-related play an important role in regulating the response of K. obovata to low temperature stress. Phytohormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, galactose metabolism, photosynthesis-antenna protein and alpha-Linolenic acid metabolism are important KEGG pathways in K. obovata in response to low temperature stress. KoPYL1, KoPP2C1, KoABF1, KoABF2 and KoABF3 genes in abscisic acid signaling pathway can be used as important candidate genes for future studies on the response of K. obovata to cold stress.
2023, 36(2): 50-60.
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220239
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Objective To reveal the microbial community composition and diversity in Eucommia ulmoides seeds and enrich the related microbial resources. Methods In this study, the diversity of endophytic microorganisms in E. ulmoides seeds was analyzed by traditional culture method and high-throughput sequencing technology, and functional annotated by FAPROTAX and FUNGuild database. Results A total of 40 fungi strains (3 phyla and 11 genera) were isolated from E. ulmoides seeds, and the dominant genus was Aspergillus (30%); 142 bacterial strains (1 phylum, 6 genera) were isolated, of which Solibacillus was the dominant genus (47.18%). Through high-throughput sequencing, 141 fungal OTUs were obtained belonging to 6 phylum and 101 genera; 442 bacterial OTUs were obtained belonging to 24 phylum and 313 genera. At the genus level, the dominant fungi were Apiotrichum (31.28%) and Debaryomyces (26.07%); The dominant bacterial genera were Pseudomonas (16.66%) and Lactobacillus (9.68%). The results of functional annotation showed that fungi mainly degraded organic matter, promoted the growth of host plants and the absorption of soil nutrients by host, improved soil microbial community structure and Pathogen community. The bacteria mainly consisted of chemoheterotrophic, heterotrophic, fermentation. and nitrogen fixation bacteria. Conclusion E. ulmoides seeds carry a variety of probiotics and potential phytopathogens, which have important effects on plant growth and development. In addition, a number of beneficial functional bacteria were isolated in this study, which will provide microbial resources for the subsequent artificial control of seed microbiome to enhance plant health.
2023, 36(2): 61-69.
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220568
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Objective To explore the variation characteristics of Negative air ion (NAI) of typical plantations and the relationship between NAI and environmental factors in growing period and non-growing period in rocky mountain area of north China, and reveal environmental factors affecting NAI in different seasons in this area. Method The variation characteristics of NAI of typical plantations in Henan Xiaolangdi Earth Critical Zone National Research Station were measured from May to December in 2021 using the air negative ions, PM 2.5, PM 10 and meteorological data. Besides, the main environmental factors and variable importance measures affecting NAI of typical plantations in the area were analyzed by random forest algorithm. Results The diurnal variation of NAI in Quercus variabilis showed single peak curve in growing period but not obvious in non-growing period. The NAI of Platycladus orientalis showed single peak cure during the experiment period. The NAI concentration of Quercus variabilis plantations (740.32 ion·cm−3) was higher than that of Platycladus orientalis (703.74 ion·cm−3) during the observation period. The daily NAI of Quercus variabilis (858.94 ion·cm−3) was higher than that of Platycladus orientalis (724.33 ion·cm−3) during the growing period. The daily NAI of Quercus variabilis (621.70 ion·cm−3) was lower than that of Platycladus orientalis (683.16 ion·cm−3) during the non-growing period. The meteorological factors such as Air temperature (Ta), Relative humidity (RH), Vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in the growing period were higher than those in the non-growing period, while the particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) in the non-growing period was higher than that in the growing period. The concentration of PM10 was higher than that of PM2.5 during the experiment period. There was no significant difference between Wind speed (WS) between the growing period and non-growing period. The random forest method revealed that the main environmental factors affecting the NAI concentrations of Quercus variabilis and Platycladus orientalis in the growing period were VPD, PAR and WS, and their variable importance measures were 20.22, 15.08 ,14.71, respectively, and 25.08, 16.76, 16.49, respectively. The main environmental factors affecting the NAI concentration of Quercus variabilis and Platycladus orientalis during the non-growth period were PM 2.5, WS and PM 10, and their variable importance measures were 33.36, 17.58, 14.28, respectively, and 15.89, 17.51, 14.62, respectively. Conclusion The diurnal variation of NAI concentration of Quercus variabilis and Platycladus orientalis in growing period both showed a single peak curve; the diurnal variation of NAI concentration of Quercus variabilis plantations was not obvious, while the diurnal variation NAI concentration of Platycladus orientalis plantations showed a single peak curve in non-growing period. There were significant differences in NAI concentration between Quercus variabilis and Platycladus orientalis plantations, NAI concentration of Quercus variabilis was higher than that of Platycladus orientalis during the growing period, while NAI concentration of Quercus variabilis was lower than that of Platycladus orientalis during the non-growing period. The NAI concentration of Quercus variabilis was higher than that of Platycladus orientalis during the observation period. Differences of environmental factors affecting NAI of typical plantations in the area were obvious. VPD and PAR were the key factors during the growing period, while PM2.5, PM 10 and WS were the key factors during the non-growing period.
2023, 36(2): 70-78.
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220150
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Objective The seasonal phenological characteristics and population dynamics of Japanese pine sawyer beetle, Monochamus alternatus Hope (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), in different regions of Jiangxi province were analyzed to provide the basic data and scientific basis for improving the local population monitoring level and formulating accurate control strategies of this beetle. Method The initial and terminal occurrence periods, activity peak period and the sex ratio of adult M. alternatus were monitored through setting up monitoring plots and installing the attractant traps in pure stands of Masson pine forest in Quannan, Nankang, Wan'an, Nancheng, Wanli and Fuliang along the latitude gradient of about 1° in Jiangxi province. Results The initial occurrence periods of M. alternatus in Jiangxi were from late March to early May, and were obviously delayed from south to north regions. The final appearance periods of this beetle were from early October to early December, and were obviously shorten from south to north regions. The occurrence period of adults M. alternatus lasted for 5-9 months and decreased significantly from south to north regions. Adult activity peak period gradually postponed and the peaks transited from 2 to 1 from south to north regions. The population density of M. alternatus in central Jiangxi were larger than that in southern or northern Jiangxi. The sex ratio of this beetle was 1: 0.74-0.87, showing biased female and no difference was found in different regions of Jiangxi province. There was an obviously positive correlation between trapping amounts of this beetle and the mortality of Masson pine. Conclusion Geographical latitude and local climatic conditions significantly affect the seasonal occurrence and adult activity peak of M. alternatus, and the population density of M. alternatus is positively related with the mortality of their host plant.
2023, 36(2): 79-90.
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220369
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Objective This article aims to analyze the changes of soil available nitrogen content in Chinese fir plantations at different generations, and explore the internal relationship between nitrate nitrogen and the structure and diversity of ammonia-oxidizing archaea community, which provides reference for the effective use of soil nitrogen of plantations and soil quality assessment of Chinese fir forest. Method Four Chinese fir plantations with different generations were selected in Nanping, Fujian Province. High-throughput sequencing technology was used to determine the amoA gene amplified by PCR. Mantel_r correlation analysis, random forest model and partial least squares path model were used to study the relationship between soil available nitrogen content, ammonia-oxidizing archaea community abundance and diversity in different generations. Result With the increase of continuous cropping generations of Chinese fir, the content of nitrate nitrogen (NO3−-N) decreased significantly, and the content of ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) did not change significantly. Soil enzyme activity and the abundance and diversity of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) community showed a decreasing trend. Soil available nitrogen content was closely related to ammonia-oxidizing archaea community and enzyme activity, and the abundance and diversity of ammonia oxidizing archaea community was the most important factor affecting nitrate nitrogen content. Conclusion With the increase of planting generation, the abundance and diversity of ammonia oxidizing archaea community decrease to a certain extent. Except for the fourth generation of soil urease and ammonia nitrogen oxygenase enzyme activity increased slightly, soil nitrogen cycle related enzyme activity shows a decreasing trend, resulting in a significant reduction in soil nitrate nitrogen content, which limits the effectiveness of soil nitrogen in continuous cropping Chinese fir plantations.
2023, 36(2): 91-100.
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220250
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Objective To study the response of Pinus massoniana seedlings of height growth and photosynthetic characteristics under different phosphorus concentrations, reveal the adaptation mechanism of P. massoniana to low phosphorus environment, and provide experimental basis for the management and accurate growth simulation prediction of P. massoniana forest. Method From May 2021, to November 2021, two-year-old seedlings of P. massoniana were planted in 7 different soil phosphorus concentrations, including control group (2.325 mg·kg−1, CK), no phosphorus group (0AP), with an eighth of CK (1/8AP), a quarter of CK (1/4AP), a half of CK (1/2AP), two times of CK (2AP), and four times of CK (4AP); and then the growth and photosynthetic parameters were tested. Result Relative height increment (RHI) and photosynthetic parameters of P. massoniana seedlings were affected by growing times and soil phosphorus concentrations. RHI during from May to June (RHI5-6) was higher than that from July to August (RHI7-8) and September to October (RHI9-10). RHI5-6 of 4AP was significantly higher than that of 1/8AP. Relative growth rate of seedlings was positively correlated with soil phosphorus concentrations (P<0.05), and linearly increased with phosphorus concentrations. Net photosynthetic rate (Pn), conductance to H2O (Gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), and transpiration rate (Tr) were significantly affected by soil phosphorus content, growing time and their interaction. And all of them reached their peak in July to September. Pn and Ci were positively correlated with RHI. Growing time had a promoting effect on RHI, Pn, Ci and Gs. Conclusion The height growth and photosynthetic parameters of P. massoniana seedlings are significantly affected by soil phosphorus concentrations. P. massoniana seedlings have a special adaptive mechanism to the low-phosphorus environment by regulating photosynthesis and the dynamic changes of height growth.
2023, 36(2): 101-106.
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220253
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Objective Clarify the developmental period from emergence to sexual maturity, and the effects of feeding and mating on the ovary development of female adults. Method In this study, the mature larvae of M. saltuarius were collected and reared in the laboratory till adult emerged. The one-day-old female adults were treated by four ways: 1) reared alone without being fed, 2) fed alone, 3) fed together with male adults, 4) reared together with male adults without being fed. The ovaries of female adults were continuously dissected every day until wilting or death of female adult ovaries was observed. Result The results showed that: 1) The ovarian development process of M. saltuarius was divided into five stages. 2) The ovaries of female adults of the unfed M. saltuarius stopped developing after reaching the second stage. 3) The ovaries of fed and mated female adults matured on the 14th day, and the ovaries of fed but unmated female adults matured on the 17th day. Conclusion It can be seen that the ovaries of the adult females of M. saltuarius need to be fed before their ovaries develop to maturity normally. In addition, the mating promote the development of ovariy, shorten the developmental process by three days.
2023, 36(2): 107-118.
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220211
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Objective To identify microRNAs (miRNAs) and reveal its expressional pattern in seed coat rupture stage of Moso bamboo seeds (Phyllostachys edulis) under different drought and salt stresses. Methods Polyethylene glycol (PEG6000) and NaCl were used to simulate drought and salinity stress, respectively. Small RNA libraries were separately built for Moso bamboo seeds germinated under H2O, 10% PEG, 15% PEG, 50 mmol·L−1 NaCl and 100 mmol·L−1 NaCl, and the seeds were all sampled at seed coat rupture stage. High throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analysis were used to explore the expressional pattern of miRNA. Results A total of 246 known miRNAs and 262 novel mature miRNAs were identified in this study. The most abundant miRNAs in seed coat rupture stage of Moso bamboo was miR166, followed by miR159, miR6478, miR319, etc. According to miRNA target prediction, MIR396 family owned the largest number of target genes, and ph02gene13935 (GAMYB) could to be regulated by 28 miRNAs of MIR159, MIR319 or MIR396; A total of 181 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNA) were identified in six comparison groups; Compared with control group, in 10% PEG, 15% PEG, 50 mmol·L−1 NaCl and 100 mmol·L−1 NaCl treatments, phe-miR171e-5p, phe-miR3630-3p, phe-miR171e-5p and phe-miR159a were differentially expressed respectively with highest expressional level in known miRNAs; The target genes of DEmiRNA were significantly enriched in different GO and KEGG pathways; Ten DEmiRNAs were verified by qPCR, and the overall trend of qPCR results was consistent with the sequencing data. Conclusion In seed coat rupture stage of moso bamboo, there exhibit high accumulation of known miRNAs such as miR159, miR6478, miR319 in all control and four treatment groups, which may play a conservative regulatory role in Moso bamboo seed germination. Compared with the control group, phe-miR171e-5p, phe-miR3630-3p, phe-miR171e-5p and phe-miR159a 1 are differentially expressed in 10% PEG, 15% PEG, 50 mmol·L−1 NaCl and 100 mmol·L−1 NaCl, respectively, which can respond to PEG or NaCl stress during seed coat rupture stage of Moso bamboo.
2023, 36(2): 119-132.
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220435
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Objective To analyze the dynamic changes of species composition and plant biodiversity at different succession stages in the burned area of Picea asperata- Abies fargesii forest on the northeastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau for providing a scientific reference for scientific management of plant communities in burned areas.. Method Using the method of space-for-time substitution, plant communities in four different succession stages were selected on the northern slope of Mount Dieshan, including5-year post-fire succession (5 a), 15-year post-fire succession (15 a), 23-year post-fire succession (23 a) and the climax forest community (Climax). The species composition of plant communities, and species important value, α diversity index and β diversity index were calculated. Result 1) The species richness of the community and the number of plant decreased during the succession of plant community in the burned area. Among them, species richness and the number of plant (4 008 ± 298 individual ·400 m−2) in the community 5 a were the largest, but those in the Climax community were the least (1 759 ± 90 individual ·400 m−2). The Margalef index and the Shannon-Wiener index of the 5 a community in the herb layer, the Climax community in the shrub layer and the tree layer were the largest. 2) Based on the important value, the communities of 5 a, 15 a, 23 a and Climax in four different stages can be named as Rosa sweginzowii + Fargesia spathacea + Carex crebra, Lonicera tangutica + Salix heishuiensis + Carex crebra, Picea crassifolia-Betula albosinensis + Rosa sweginzowii + Carex crebra, Abies fargesii-Picea asperata + Lonicera tangutica + Carex crebra community, respectively. 3) The heterogeneity of herbaceous community at different succession stages were 5 a (0.07) ＜ 15 a (0.12) ＜ 23 a (0.19) ＜ Climax (0.22). 4) The plant abundance in stages 5 a, 15 a and 23 a presented the geometric progression distribution, indicating that the environmental conditions were conducive to herb growth and species with deterministic niche occupied a dominant role in community construction. The plant abundance in Climax stage showed an “S” distribution which belongs to late successional community because the "intermediate-type" species occupied the vast majority of the community. 5) According to the β diversity index, the shrub layer of 4 succession stages could be divided into initial shrub (5 a) and stable shrub (15 a, 23 a and Climax), and the herb layer could be divided into drastically changing layer (5 a and 15 a) and stable layer (23 a and Climax). Conclusion With the succession of plant communities, the species richness decreases in the burned area of Picea asperata- Abies fargesii forest on the northeastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, and the similarity between communities become closer. The succession of plant communities in the burned area is a positive succession, and the succession process is shrub- deciduous broad-leaved forest - coniferous forest - Picea asperata-Abies fargesii forest.
2023, 36(2): 133-143.
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220242
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Objective To identify AMT gene family members in Betula platyphylla and analyze the expression pattern of AMT genes. Method Bioinformatics methods were used to identify the family genes and real-time fluorescence quantitative analysis of gene expression. Result 9 AMT genes were identified from the B.platyphylla genome and divided into two subfamilies, AMT1 and AMT2, named BpAMT1.1-1.4 and BpAMT2.1-2.5; These BpAMT proteins contained 384-522 amino acid residues with isoelectric points ranging from 4.61 to 8.16, and all of which were located on the plasma membrane and organelle membrane; The genes of BpAMT family were distributed on 5 chromosomes unevenly, and there were tandem duplication among the members. BpAMTs’ expression patterns had specificity in different tissues, showing a leaf>root>stem trend; At the same time, KNO3, NH4Cl, MeJA, GA3, ABA, CdCl2 and diurnal variation could affect the expression of BpAMT gene, and the response of members differed under different treatments. Conclusion 9 BpAMT genes are identified and divided into two subfamilies. BpAMT gene plays an important role in regulating nitrogen uptake, transport and in response to hormone signals or abiotic stress. These results lay a foundation for further analysis of the function of BpAMT gene in growth and resistance to stress in B.platyphylla.
2023, 36(2): 144-152.
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220187
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Objective The objective is to explore the influences of topography and forest vegetation on the occurrence probability of overwintering Dendrolimus superans and clarify the relationship between these factors and the occurrence quantity of Dendrolimus superans, which will provide scientific reference for the prevention and control of the infestations of this pest. Method Factors such as topography, forest vegetation, and the number of larvae of Dendrolimus superans were investigated in 142 plots (20 m × 20 m) of different forest types established in the main distribution area of Dendrolimus superans in the Great Xing’an Mountains. The binary logistic regression and the theory of quantificationⅠ were used to establish the models of the occurrence probability and quantity of Dendrolimus superans, respectively, and the performance of these models was evaluated. Result The discriminant accuracy of the probability model was relatively high (AUC=0.826), the slope aspect and herb cover were the key factors affecting the occurrence probability of Dendrolimus superans, the occurrence probability of which was the lowest on shady slopes and was the highest on sunny slopes. The occurrence probability increased with the increase of herb cover. There were significant differences in the number of Dendrolimus superans in the stands with different slope aspects, levels of slope gradients, slope positions, altitudes, herb coverage, and stand density (P<0.05). The model of quantification established by the five factors of slope aspect, levels of slope gradient, slope position, canopy cover, and stand density had little difference in fitting degree from the model established by the full factors. The coefficient of determination (R2) of them was 0.635 and 0.685, respectively, and their root mean square error (RMSE) was 0.964 and 0.936, respectively. The model of quantification showed that the occurrence quantity of Dendrolimus superans was the least on the shady slope and the most on the sunny slope. As the levels of slope gradient increased, its occurrence quantity would decrease. The occurrence quantity of Dendrolimus superans was the most on the ridges. Similarly, with the increase of canopy cover, or the decrease of stand density, the occurrence quantity of Dendrolimus superans would increase accordingly. Conclusion The study revealed that Dendrolimus superans were prone to occur on sunny slopes, flat slopes, and ridges, which should be the focus of prevention and control, which forest management practices such as replanting, thinning and regular weeding could help restrain the population growth.
2023, 36(2): 153-160.
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220460
Abstract:
Objective To better understand the characteristics of soil silicon morphology variation and its correlation with soil physi-chemical properties in Castanopsis fargesii stands at differentaltitudes in Guoyan Mountain for further illuminatingthe response mechanism of soil silicon morphology content to environmental changes in subtropical areas. Methods In order to gather soil samples from various soil layers (0−20, 20−40, and 40−60 cm) at differentaltitudes in Guoyanshan Nature Reserve, standard plots were set up at 600, 700, 800, and 900 m, respectively. Different soil silicon forms were extracted and measured to examine the effects of environmental changes on soil silicon forms. Results (1) Available silicon(258.26 mg·kg−1), water-soluble silicon (155.69 mg·kg−1), active silicon (388.97 mg·kg−1) and amorphous silicon (1561.97 mg·kg−1) in the high-altitidesoil weresignificantly higher than those in thelow altitudesoils with the data of 93.16, 78.38, 231.84, and 832.24 mg·kg−1, respectively. The availablesilicon (227.53 mg·kg−1) in deep soil layer (40−60 cm) was significantly higher than that in 0−20 cm (120.79 mg·kg−1) and 20-40 cm (171.37 mg·kg−1) soil layers. (2) The content of available silicon in soil was significantly positively correlated with the content of active silicon and water-soluble silicon. Active silicon was the most important direct contributing form to the increase of availablesilicon, andwater-soluble silicon was an important transitional form in the soil silicon transformation process.(3) Soil organic matter and soil pH had the most significant effects on the content of each soil silicon form, which explained the variations of14.1% and 9.2%, respectively. Soil organic matter was positively correlated with amorphous silicon and water-soluble silicon, and negatively correlated with soil active silicon and effective silicon, while soil pH was positively correlated with availablesilicon and active silicon, and negatively correlated with amorphous silicon. Conclusion Variations on environment and soil physical and chemical properties caused by altitude can change the content of silicon in soil.This study offers a foundation for successful soil silicon use and soil silicon morphology control in natural Castanopsis fargesii forest, which is crucial scientific advice for the preservation of natural Castanopsis fargesii forest.
2023, 36(2): 161-168.
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220492
Abstract:
Objective To explore the needle functional traits, understory species diversity and understory soil factors of different forest types (Pinus thunbergia pure forest, Pinus thunbergia -Robinia pseudoacacia mixed forest, Pinus thunbergia -Quercus acutissima mixed forest) for providing basis and reference for the construction and management of Pinus thunbergia in the coastal shelter forest. Methods Based on Pinus thunbergia in the coastal shelter forest of Muping, Yantai, the needles and understory 0～20cm soil samples of Pinus thunbergia were collected, and the understory species diversity was investigated. The related functional traits of needles and soil physical and chemical properties were measured, and the understory species diversity index was calculated. Also the effects of understory soil factors on needle functional traits and understory species diversity were analyzed by RDA. Results (1) Different stand types had significant effects on leaf structural traits such as leaf area (LA), leaf length (LL), specific leaf area (SLA), specific leaf weight (SLW), leaf dry matter mass (LDMC) and leaf water content (LWC), while only C and N contents were significantly affected by leaf chemical traits. (2) Different stand types had significant effects on understory vegetation diversity indexes. Simpson index was the highest in the Pinus thunbergia -Quercus acutissima mixed forest, Shannon-Wiener index, Margalef index and Pielou index were the highest in the Pinus thunbergia -Robinia pseudoacacia mixed forest, and all indexes were the lowest in the Pinus thunbergia pure forest. Digitaria sanguinalis and Pennisetum alopecuroides were dominant in each community. (3) Different stand types had significant effects on soil EC, SOC, TN, NO3−-N, NH4+-N and AK. (4) SOC, AK and NH4+-N had significant effects on leaf functional traits and understory species diversity, while TP and NO3−-N had significant effects on functional traits and species diversity, respectively. Conclusion Under the experimental conditions, the functional traits of Pinus thunbergii needles and the diversity of understory species under different stand types have certain responses to the understory soil factors. The construction and management of shelterbelt should comprehensively consider the role of stand type, understory vegetation and soil nutrients.
2023, 36(2): 169-177.
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220510
Abstract:
Objective Hopea hainanensis is not only a Wild Plant with Extremely Small Populations but also a national grade first-level key protected plant and a representative species of tropical rainforest in Hainan, China. Here, the population structure, dynamic change characteristics, and future development trend of Hopea hainanensis were explored for providing a scientific basis for protection and management. Methods In this study, the population structure and dynamic characteristics of Hopea hainanensis distributed in Jianfengling, Hainan was analyzed using population statistics, including static life table, survival curve, and time series prediction model. Results (1) The population structure of wild Hopea hainanensis in Jianfengling showed an inverted J shape, and the number of seedlings (age class I) accounted for 95.24% of the total individuals. (2) The slop populations in the primary forest and secondary forest in the Jianfengling area tended to grow, but there was a limitation in the growth of young trees during the transition from seedlings to saplings, resulting in a very small number of adults. (3) The regeneration ability of Hopea hainanensis population in primeval forests was lower than that in secondary forests, but the recovery process in secondary forests was more susceptible to external disturbance. (4) The Hopea hainanensis population in primeval forests and secondary forests would recover steadily after 2-5 age classes if the existing Hopea hainanensis population and their habitats in Jianfengling were well protected. Conclusion There are still a certain number of wild saplings in Jianfengling, Hainan. It is urgent to strengthen the protection of the existing wild Hopea hainanensis populations and promote the transformation of the seedlings to saplings in the natural state.
2023, 36(2): 178-185.
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220349
Abstract:
Objective An age-independent theoretical growth equation was constructed to predict the dominant height of Pinus massoniana plantation when the age was unknown or not an effective influence factor. Methods Based on the four theoretical growth equations of Hossfeld IV, Lundqvist-Kolf, Richards and Schumacher, an age-independent dominant height model of Pinus massoniana was constructed by using the difference form of hidden age factors, and the free parameters were expressed as a function of site index. Results Among the four basic theoretical growth models, the age-related dominant growth model of Pinus massoniana plantation established by Richards model performed the best. The fitting accuracy of age-independent models was higher than that of age-related models, and the age-independent dominant growth model of Pinus massoniana plantation established by Richards model and Korf model performed the best. When the site index was introduced to the model, the fitting accuracy of Hossfeld model improved most obviously, and when k was set as a variable parameter, the age-independent dominant high growth model was the best. Conclusion When the forest of different age or age is difficult to obtain, the theoretical growth model independent of age can predict the growth of dominant height. After the functional relationship between site index and free parameters is replaced in the model, the accuracy of the model is improved and the model can be better applied to predict stand growth.
2023, 36(2): 186-194.
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220483
Abstract:
Objective This study is to reveal the changes of cellular structure, composition and function of secondary vascular tissue in Pinus massoniana during development. Methods The change of morphology, structure, lignin and cellulose in the vascular tissue of P. massoniana were studied by histochemical analysis and cell segregation. Results The vascular cambium gradually enriched cellulose when it differentiated into new phloem and xylem. During the development of phloem, the sieve cells were deformed and lignified, and the proportion of cellulose in phloem decreased. During the development of xylem tracheids from early wood to late wood, the diameter of striated pores decreased, the number of striated pores decreased, the lignification degree of secondary wall increased, the cell lumen area decreased, the proportion of cellulose content decreased, and the choroidal and radial walls thickened. Conclusion The cellular composition and structure of secondary vascular tissues change regularly with development. The intracellular and intercellular transport capacity of xylem cells decrease, while the mechanical strength increases. The secondary phloem loses its ability to transport and its mechanical strength increases.
2023, 36(2): 195-202.
doi: 10.12403/j.1001-1498.20220455
Abstract:
Objective This study aims to compare the photosynthetic responses and carbon assimilation of the thermophilic mangrove plant Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Savigny from different regions under chilling stress. Method The 5-year-old seedlings were collected from three different provenances Futian (FT) in Shenzhen, Yunxiao (YX) in Fujian and Okinawa (UR) in Japan (the average temperature of the coldest month was 14.1, 13.3, and 16.1 ℃, respectively). The seedlings were treated under normal temperature (20 ℃) and chilling temperature (10 ℃). For each treatment, the chlorophyll fluorescence properties and gas exchange were monitored. Result (1) Compared with normal temperature treatment, after 3 days of chill temperature and cold stress treatment, the maximum light energy conversion efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) (Fv/Fm) in FT, UR, and YX decreased by 39.04%, 25.69%, and 22.83%, respectively. The maximum light energy conversion efficiency of photosystem I (PSI) (Pm) decreased by 21.80%, 20.19% and 42.84%, respectively. Under low temperature treatment, the proportion effective photochemical quantum yield of PSII (Y(II)) of UR and YX all decreased, and the ratio of non-regulatory energy dissipation (Y(NO)) of the three types of B. gymnorrhiza all increased, and the proportion of YX increased the most. The effective photochemical quantum yield of PSI (Y(I)) of B. gymnorhiza from the three regions decreased significantly, and the proportion of non-regulated energy dissipation (Y(NA)) of UR and YX decreased slightly. (2) After 4 days of cold damage treatment, net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of FT, UR and YX decreased by 92.12%, 97.50% and 86.44%, respectively. Transpiration rate (Tr) and stomatal conductance (Gs) also decreased and Pn, Tr and Gs were positively correlated. The stomatal limitation value (LS) of the three types of B. gymnorhiza decreased significantly, while the intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) increased significantly. (3) Fv/Fm, Pn and water use efficiency were significantly positively correlated with each other. Conclusion Regardless of the photoreaction of photosynthesis or the carbon reaction, B. gymnorhiza from the three provenances show high sensitivity to short-term chilling. PSII was significantly inhibited, while PSI was relatively stable. Mesophyll damages limited the carbon assimilation more than stomata traits. In summary, FT highly suffers from chilling, while YX is less affected. Hence, cold tolerance of mangroves is closely related to the average temperature at the region sites.
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