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松墨天牛(Monochamus alternatus)属鞘翅目(Coleoptera),天牛科(Cerambycidae),沟胫天牛亚科(Lamiinae),墨天牛属(Monochamus),寄主植物主要为松属植物,在我国对马尾松(Pinus massonianaLamb.)的寄生和危害较为严重。松墨天牛是国际性检疫害虫—松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner and Buhrer) Nickle的有效传播载体。松材线虫能引起松材线虫病,此病原发于北美洲,1905年传到日本[1],1982年首次在我国南京发现,现在已经成为我国最严重的森林病害之一,对我国林木造成的危害已经不容小觑。据不完全统计,松材线虫病已造成我国5 000多万株松树死亡,树木损毁量高于500万m3,病害面积高达8. 67万hm2[2-5],已累计给我国造成超过300亿元的直接和间接损失[6],Zhao[7]调查了我国19个省的松属树木,其死亡率占到南方树木死亡率的40%~50%。
对媒介昆虫——松墨天牛的防控是目前防控松材线虫病的主要途径之一。松墨天牛幼虫蛀干为害,隐藏在松树枝干内部,因此幼虫期防控难度较大,尤其是在面积较大的松林中进行松墨天牛幼虫防控时,需要对每一株松树进行施药,不仅耗费较高的人工成本,而且防控效率较低。松墨天牛成虫羽化后会钻出枝干进行觅食、补充营养、交尾及产卵等一系列活动,成虫期是松墨天牛暴露活动的唯一虫期,成虫补充营养期和雌虫产卵期是松材线虫通过松墨天牛危害松树的重要时期[8-11]。因此,成虫期是防控松墨天牛的良好时机[12]。探明成虫的取食和扩散行为、雌雄聚集和识别机理、交配与产卵行为的调控机制等原理性问题,对于了解天牛成虫生殖和行为进化机制,掌握控制天牛种群数量意义重大[13]。本文综述了以往对松墨天牛成虫行为与化学生态学研究进展,旨在为进一步开展松墨天牛的监测和防控技术研究提供参考。
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