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Volume 31 Issue 5
Jul.  2019
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Review on Species and Distribution of Plant Parasitic Nematodes on Bamboo

  • The purpose of this study is to review the nematode species parasitizing on bamboos, their distribution and hosts. 82 nematode species belonging to 29 genera and 12 families of 4 orders were reported on bamboo in the world, in which 36 species in China, 38 species in American, and 20 species in India. Few studies focus on the pathogenicity of plant nematodes to bamboos. There were some reports of nematodes causing losses on bamboos in India. Histological observations of two nematode species in infected bamboos were reported in USA. This paper discusses the research direction of nematodes parasitizing on bamboo, aiming at providing useful information for research, control and quarantine of nematodes parasitizing on bamboo.
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Review on Species and Distribution of Plant Parasitic Nematodes on Bamboo

    Corresponding author: LIAO Jin-ling, jlliao@scau.edu.cn
  • 1. Guangdong Eco-Engineering Polytechnic, Guangzhou 510520, Guangdong, China
  • 2. Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to review the nematode species parasitizing on bamboos, their distribution and hosts. 82 nematode species belonging to 29 genera and 12 families of 4 orders were reported on bamboo in the world, in which 36 species in China, 38 species in American, and 20 species in India. Few studies focus on the pathogenicity of plant nematodes to bamboos. There were some reports of nematodes causing losses on bamboos in India. Histological observations of two nematode species in infected bamboos were reported in USA. This paper discusses the research direction of nematodes parasitizing on bamboo, aiming at providing useful information for research, control and quarantine of nematodes parasitizing on bamboo.

  • 竹子是重要的森林资源,是林业产业的重要组成。全世界共有竹子70余属,1 200多种,主要分布在热带和亚热带地区[1]。据统计,中国有竹子植物43属,700余种[2]。像其他植物一样,竹子的一生遭受各种病虫害的侵扰[3-7],病虫害被认为是引起竹林产业重大经济损失的主要原因[3-4]。作为根部病害的一类,竹子线虫病害报道甚少[8]

    植物线虫是一类潜在的植物病原物,大多数植物线虫为害植物的地下部分,使地上部分表现叶片发黄、植株矮小和营养不良,通常症状并不明显,很容易被忽视[9]。然而,植物线虫对根部的损伤可为其他病原物的侵入打开通道,使植物感染其他病害[9]。植物线虫也可以与土壤中其他病原物形成复合侵染,长针科和毛刺科的一些种类还可传播病毒[9]。因此,有必要重新评估植物线虫对竹子生长的影响。本文对国内外竹子寄生线虫的种类、地理分布及其致病性进行归纳评述,为进一步开展我国竹子线虫病害调查和防控提供参考依据。

1.   竹子寄生线虫的种类与地理分布
  • 参考Maggenti[10]和Hunt[11]的分类系统,全世界已报道的竹子寄生线虫82种,隶属于4目、12科、29属,其中,国内报道了线虫病害36种,隶属于4目、11科、18属;美国和印度的竹子寄生线虫比较丰富,分别报道了38种和20种。8类竹子寄生线虫分布最广,分别是剑线虫(Xiphinema Cobb, 1913)、孢囊线虫(Heterodera A. Schmidt, 1871)、短体线虫(Pratylenchus Filipjev, 1936)、针线虫(Paratylenchus Micoletzky, 1922)、根结线虫(Meloidogyne Goeldi, 1892)、拟毛刺线虫(Paratrichodorus Siddiqi, 1974)、螺旋线虫(Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945)和矮化线虫(Tylenchorhynchus Cobb, 1913)。

  • (1) 戴维恩垫刃线虫Tylenchus davainei Bastian, 1965

    寄主:毛竹[Phyllostachys pubescens (Pradelle) Mazel ex J. Houz.](中国)[12]、斑竹(Phyllostachys bambusoides cv.‘Tanakae’ I.Tsuboi、茶杆竹(Pseudosasa amabilis (McClure) Keng f.)、小佛肚竹(Bambusa ventricosa McClure)和黄杆乌哺鸡竹(Phyllostachys vivax McClure f. aureocaulis N. X. Ma)(中国浙江湖州)[13]

    (2) 丝状丝尾垫刃线虫Filenchus filiformis (Bütschii, 1873)Meyl, 1961

    寄主:钓鱼竹(Phyllostachys nigra (Lodd.) Munro var. henonis (Mitford) Stapf ex Rendle)(中国云南昆明)[14],之前报道为丝状垫刃线虫Tylenchus filiformis Bütschii, 1873。

  • 异头锥线虫Dolichodorus heterocephalus Cobb, 1914

    寄主:簕竹属(Bambusa sp.)(美国加州)[15]

  • (1) 厚尾矮化线虫Tylenchorhynchus crassicaudatus Williams, 1960

    寄主:金竹(Phyllostachys sulphurea (Carrière) Rivière & C.Rivière)(中国云南丽江)[16]

    (2) 尤因矮化线虫Tylenchorhynchus ewingi Hopper, 1959

    寄主:金竹(中国云南丽江)[16]

    (3) 饰环矮化线虫Tylenchorhynchus annulatus (Cassidy, 1930) Golden, 1971

    寄主:竹子(中国台湾)[17]

    (4) 竹子矮化线虫Tylenchorhynchus bambusi Singh,Lal,Rathour and Ganguly,2010

    寄主:竹子(印度阿萨姆邦)[18]

    (5) 最大矮化线虫Tylenchorhynchus maximus Allen, 1955

    寄主:簕竹属(美国加州)[19]

    (6) 克莱顿矮化线虫Tylenchorhynchus claytoni Steiner, 1937

    寄主:簕竹属(美国加州)[19]

    (7) 清亮矮化线虫Tylenchorhynchus clarus Allen, 1955

    寄主:簕竹属(美国加州)[19]

    (8) 棒尾矮化线虫Tylenchorhynchus clavicaudatus Seinhorst, 1963

    寄主:毛竹(中国)[12],之前报道为棒尾双垫刃线虫Bitylenchus clavicaudatus (Seinhorst, 1963)Siddiqi, 1986。

    (9) 具头五沟线虫Quinisulcius capitatus (Allen, 1955)Siddiqi, 1971

    寄主:簕竹属(美国加州)[19],之前报道为具头矮化线虫Tylenchorhynchus capitatus Allen, 1955。

    (10) 短齿默林线虫Merlinius brevidens (Allen, 1955)Siddiqi, 1970

    寄主:簕竹属(美国加州)[19]

  • (1) 咖啡短体线虫Pratylenchus coffeae (Zimmermann, 1898)Filipjev and Schuumans Stekhoven, 1941

    寄主:毛竹(中国)[12];马来甜龙竹(Dendrocalamus asper (Schult.f.) Backer)(美国)[20];麻竹(Dendrocalamus latiflorusMunro)(日本九州)[21]

    (2) 伤残短体线虫Pratylenchus vulnus Allen and Jensen, 1951

    寄主:金竹(中国云南丽江)[16];簕竹属(美国加州)[19]

    (3) 最短尾短体线虫Pratylenchus brachyurus (Godfrey, 1929)Filipjev and Schuumans Stekhoven, 1941

    寄主:Bambusa nana Roxb.[22]和竹子(印度阿萨姆邦)[23]

    (4) 穿刺短体线虫Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb, 1917)Filipjev and Schuumans Stekhoven, 1941

    寄主:簕竹属(美国加州)[19]

    (5) 落选短体线虫Pratylenchus neglectus (Rensch, 1924)Filipjev and Schuumans Stekhoven, 1941

    寄主:簕竹属(美国加州)[19]

    (6) 相似穿孔线虫Radopholus similis (Cobb, 1893)Thorne, 1949

    寄主:簕竹属(美国佛罗里达州)[20]

  • (1) 巨尾器盾线虫Scutellonema megascutatum Peng and Siddiqi, 1994

    寄主:毛竹(中国北京)[24]

    (2) 竹子盾线虫Scutellonema bamboosae Saha,Lal,Singh,Kaushal and Sharma,2000

    寄主:竹子(印度曼尼普尔邦)[25]

    (3) 短尾盾线虫Scutellonema brachyurum (Steiner, 1938)Andrássy, 1958

    寄主:簕竹属(美国加州)[19]

    (4) Scutellonema sp. C

    寄主:竹子(中国台湾)[26-27],之前报道为截形盾线虫Scutellonema truncatum Sher, 1964。

    (5) Helicotylenchus assamensis Saha,Lal,Singh,Kaushal & Shama,2000

    寄主:竹子(印度阿萨姆邦Jorhat市)[25]

    (6) 尖尾螺旋线虫Helicotylenchus cuspicaudatus Saha,Lal,Singh,Kaushal & Shama,2000

    寄主:竹子(印度阿萨姆邦Jorhat市)[25]

    (7) 双角螺旋线虫Helicotylenchus digonicus,Perry, 1999

    寄主:簕竹属(美国加州)[19];竹子(印度曼尼普尔邦)[28]

    (8) 双宫螺旋线虫Helicotylenchus dihystera,Cobb, 1893

    寄主:毛竹(中国)[12]、金竹(中国云南丽江)[16]、淡竹(Phyllostachys glauca McClure)和黄杆京竹(Phyllostachys aureosulcata f. aureocaulis Z.P.Wang & N.X.Ma)(中国浙江湖州)[13];簕竹属(美国加州)[19];竹子(印度曼尼普尔邦)[28]

    (9) 刺桐螺旋线虫Helicotylenchus erythrinae (Zimmermann, 1904)Golden, 1956

    寄主:簕竹属(美国加州)[19];竹子(印度曼尼普尔邦)[28]

    (10) Helicotylenchus girus Saha,Chawla and Khan, 1974

    寄主:竹子(印度曼尼普尔邦)[28]

    (11) 草类螺旋线虫Helicotylenchus graminophilus Fetedar and Mahajan, 1974

    寄主:竹子(印度曼尼普尔邦)[28]

    (12) 印度螺旋线虫Helicotylenchus indicus Siddiqi, 1963

    寄主:竹子(印度曼尼普尔邦)[28]

    (13) 假强壮螺旋线虫Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus (Steiner, 1914)Golden, 1959

    寄主:毛竹(中国)[12];簕竹属(美国加州)[19];竹子(印度曼尼普尔邦[28]和中国山东[29])。

    (14) 塞沙德尔螺旋线虫Helicotylenchus seshadrii Singh and Khera, 1980

    寄主:竹子(印度曼尼普尔邦)[28]

    (15) 刻尾螺旋线虫Helicotylenchus crenacauda Sher, 1966

    寄主:金竹(中国云南丽江)[16]

    (16) 离异肾状线虫Rotylenchulus leptus Dasgupta,Raski and Sher, 1968

    寄主:簕竹属(津巴布韦)[30]

  • (1) 竹子孢囊线虫Heterodera bamboosi (Kaushal and Swarup, 1988) Mundo-Ocampo,Troccoli,Subbotin and Inserra,2008

    寄主:竹子(印度)[31],之前报道为Brevicephalodera bamboosi Kaushal and Swarup, 1988。

    (2) 朝鲜孢囊线虫Heterodera koreana (Vovlas,Lamberti and Choo, 1992) Mundo-Ocampo,Troccoli,Subbotin and Inserra,2008

    寄主:人面竹(Phyllostachys aurea (André) Rivière & C.Rivière) (美国佛罗里达州)[32];紫竹(Phyllostachys nigra (Lodd. ex Lindl.) Munro)(美国佛罗里达州[33]和伊朗吉兰省[34]);毛竹(中国江西南昌、浙江临川[35-36]和韩国庆南省[37-38]),韩国种群之前被报道为Afenestrata koreana Vovlas,Lamberti and Choo, 1992。

    (3) 海南孢囊线虫Heterodera hainanensis Zhuo,Wang,Ye,Peng and Liao,2013

    寄主:毛竹(中国海南五指山市)[39]

    (4) 冯氏孢囊线虫Heterodera fengi Wang,Zhuo,Ye,Zhang,Peng and Liao,2013

    寄主:毛竹(中国广东广州)[40]

    (5) 广东孢囊线虫Heterodera guangdongensis Zhuo,Wang,Zhang and Liao,2014

    寄主:毛竹(中国广东广州)[41]

    (6) 根结线虫Meloidogyne sp.

    寄主:紫竹和黄花竹(金镶玉竹)(中国云南)[42];簕竹属(美国加州)[19];竹子(印度)[23]

    (7) 南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949

    寄主:金竹(中国云南丽江)[16]和毛竹(中国)[12];人面竹和簕竹属(美国佛罗里达州)[15]

    (8) 花生根结线虫Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal, 1889) Chitwood, 1949

    寄主:毛竹(中国)[12]

  • (1) 小环线虫Criconemoides sp.

    寄主:紫竹(中国云南)[42]Bambusa ventricosa McClure和簕竹属(美国加州)[19];竹子(印度)[23]

    (2) 拉氏中环线虫Mesocriconema raskiense (de Grisse, 1964) Andrássy, 1965

    寄主:金竹(中国云南丽江)[16],之前报道为拉氏小环线虫Criconemella raskiensis (de Grisse, 1964) Luc and Raski, 1981。

    (3) 弯曲中环线虫Mesocriconema curvatum (Raski, 1952) Loof and de Grisse, 1989

    寄主:青篱竹属(Arundinaria sp.)(美国阿肯色州华盛顿县)[43]

    (4) 异盘中环线虫Mesocriconema xenoplax (Raski, 1952) Loof and de Grisse, 1989

    寄主:青篱竹属(美国阿肯色州华盛顿县)[43]

    (5) Mesocriconema rusticum (Micoletzky, 1915) Loof and de Grisse, 1989

    寄主:簕竹属(美国加州)[19], 之前报道为Criconemoides lobatum Raski, 1952。

    (6) 可变环线虫Criconema mutabile (Taylor, 1936) Raski and Luc, 1985

    寄主:簕竹属(美国加州)[19];竹子(委内瑞拉),之前报道为可变小环线虫Criconemoides mutabilis Taylor, 1936。

    (7) 德曼环线虫Criconema demani Micoletzky, 1925

    寄主:人面竹(韩国釜山)[44],之前报道为Notbocriconema demani (Micoletzky, 1925) de Grisse and Loof, 1965。

    (8) 镶边盘环线虫Discocriconemella limitanea (Luc, 1959) de Grisse and Loof, 1965

    寄主:金竹(中国云南丽江)[16]

    (9) 奇氏拟鞘线虫Hemicriconemoides chitwoodi,Esser, 1960

    寄主:金竹(中国云南丽江)[16]

    (10) 紧鞘拟鞘线虫Hemicriconemoides strictathecatus,Esser, 1960

    寄主:金竹(中国云南丽江)[16]

    (11) 荔枝拟鞘线虫Hemicriconemoides litchi Edward and Misra, 1964

    寄主:竹子(菲律宾吕宋岛马里基纳市)[45]

    (12) 芒果拟鞘线虫Hemicriconemoides mangiferae Siddiqi, 1961

    寄主:印度簕竹(Bambusa arundinacea)(印度泰米尔纳德邦)[46]

    (13) Hemicycliophora epicharoides Loof, 1968

    寄主:青篱竹属(美国阿肯色州佩里县)[47]

    (14) 朱克曼鞘线虫Hemicycliophora zuckermani Brzeski, 1963

    寄主:青篱竹属(美国阿肯色州华盛顿县)[47]

  • (1) 广州针线虫Paratylenchus guangzhouensis Wang,Li,Xie,Xu and Wu,2016

    寄主:小琴丝竹(Bambusa multiplex (Lour.) Raeusch. ex Schult.f.)(中国广东广州)[48]

    (2) 双花针线虫Paratylenchus dianthus Jenkins & Taylor, 1956

    寄主:簕竹属(美国加州)[19]

    (3) 具钩针线虫Paratylenchus hamatus Thorne and Allen, 1950

    寄主:簕竹属(美国加州)[19]

    (4) 隐针线虫Paratylenchus latescens (Raski, 1976)Siddiqi, 1986

    寄主:桂竹(Phyllostachys bambusoides Siebold & Zucc.)(美国佛罗里达州)[49-50],之前报道为隐细针线虫Gracilacus latescens Raski, 1976。

    (5) 双线针线虫Paratylenchus bilineata (Brzeski, 1995)Brzeski, 1998

    寄主:竹子(中国台湾)[51],之前报道为双线细针线虫Gracilacus bilineata Brzeski, 1995。

    (6) 针尾针线虫Paratylenchus aculenta Brown, 1959

    寄主:竹子(中国台湾)[51],之前报道为针尾细针线虫Gracilacus aculenta (Brown, 1959) Raski, 1962。

    (7) 柑橘半穿刺线虫Tylenchulus semipenetrans Cobb, 1913

    寄主:簕竹属(美国加州)[19]

  • 燕麦真滑刃线虫Aphelenchus avenae Bastian, 1865

    寄主:金竹(中国云南丽江)[16]

  • (1) 内卷滑刃线虫Aphelenchoides involutus Minegawa, 1992

    寄主:金竹(中国云南丽江)[16]

    (2) 双尾滑刃线虫Aphelenchoides bicaudatus (Imamura, 1931)Filipjev and Schuumans Stekhoven, 1941

    寄主:钓鱼竹(中国云南昆明)[14]

  • 长针科Family Longidoridae Thorne, 1935

    (1) 美洲剑线虫Xiphinema americanum Cobb, 1913

    寄主:黄杆京竹(中国上海)[52];簕竹属(美国加州)[19-20];竹子(印度)[23]

    (2) 湖南剑线虫Xiphinema hunaniense Wang and Wu, 1992

    寄主:金竹(中国)[12]

    (3) 标明剑线虫Xiphinema insigne Loos, 1949

    寄主:方竹(Chimonobambusa quadrangularis (Franceschi) Makino)和金镶玉竹(Phyllostachys aureosulcata f. spectabilis (C.D.Chu & C.S.Chao) C.D.Chu & C.S.Chao)(中国浙江湖州)[13];竹子(中国台湾)[53]

    (4) 移去剑线虫Xiphinema elongatum Schuumans Stekhoven and Teunissen, 1938

    寄主:竹子(中国台湾)[54]

    (5) 根剑线虫Xiphinema radicicola Goodey, 1936

    寄主:竹子(印度阿萨姆邦Jorhat市)[55],之前报道为Xiphinema pararadicicola Phukan and Sanwal, 1982。

    (6) Xiphinema sheri Lamberti and Bleve-Zacheo, 1979

    寄主:大青篱竹[Arundinaria gigantea (Walter) Muhl.](美国佛罗里达州)[15]

    (7) 考克斯剑线虫Xiphinema coxi Tarjan, 1964

    寄主:大青篱竹(美国佛罗里达州)[15]

    (8) 河南长针线虫Longidorus henanus Xu and Chen, 1992

    寄主:竹子(中国北京)[56]

    (9) 刚果长针线虫Longidorus congoensis Aboul-Eid, 1970

    寄主:非洲高地竹(Arundinaria alpina K.Schum.)(刚果)[57-58]

    (10) 拟长针线虫Paralongidorus sp.

    寄主:簕竹属(美国加州)[19];竹子(印度)[23]

    (11) 肥尾长针线虫Californidorus pinguicaudatus Robbins and Weiner, 1978

    寄主:竹子(美国加州)[59]

  • 毛刺科Family Trichodoridae (Thorne, 1935) Siddiqi, 1974

    (1) 毛刺线虫Trichodorus sp.

    寄主:簕竹属(美国加州)[19];竹子(印度)[23]

    (2) 南京毛刺线虫Tricodorus nanjingensis Liu and Cheng, 1990

    寄主:Bambusa glaucescens var. siviereorum (Maire) L.C.Chia & H.L.Fung(中国江苏南京)[60]

    (3) 短小拟毛刺线虫Paratrichodorus nanus (Allen, 1957) Siddiqi, 1974

    寄主:簕竹属(美国加州)[19],之前报道为短小毛刺线虫Trichodorus nanus Allen, 1957。

    (4) 胼胝拟毛刺线虫Paratrichodorus porosus (Allen, 1957) Siddiqi, 1973

    寄主:方竹和大佛肚竹(Bambusa vulgaris f. waminii T.H.Wen)(中国浙江湖州)[13]

    (5) 较小拟毛刺线虫Paratrichodorus minor (Colbran, 1965) Siddiqi, 1974

    寄主:簕竹属(美国加州)[19]

    (6) 圆肌拟毛刺线虫Paratrichodorus teres (Hopper, 1962) Siddiqi, 1974

    寄主:大青篱竹(美国佛罗里达州)[15]

2.   竹子寄生线虫的致病性
  • 已报道的竹子寄生线虫种类较少,其致病性的研究更匮乏。不同植物线虫对竹子的影响有差别,其中,剑线虫和拟毛刺线虫中的传毒类群危害最大[23];短体线虫对竹子的影响仅次于传毒线虫[23],原因可能是短体线虫可与其他病原物复合侵染;孢囊线虫和根结线虫对竹子也有较大危害[23];针线虫通常可以在竹子根际大量存在,其他植物线虫对竹子的影响还不清楚。

  • 剑线虫和拟毛刺线虫为植物根部迁移性外寄生线虫[9]。剑线虫可引起根部组织变黑、皮层增厚和侧根增生,甚至造成根部肿大或坏死[61]。拟毛刺线虫通过取食幼嫩侧根顶端组织,使根尖停止生长和变钝,刺激次生侧根形成;再侵染后形成三级侧根,多次侵染后形成短粗的丛根症状;短粗根无吸收功能,很快死亡,地上部因此衰退或枯死,即短粗根病(stubby root disease)[62]。已证实9种剑线虫和7种拟毛刺线虫能传播病毒[62-63],与直接取食危害相比,能够传播植物病毒的线虫危害性更大,我国已将所有传毒线虫列入《中华人民共和国进境有害生物名录》。

    竹子上已报道的7种剑线虫和4种拟毛刺线虫中,有2种剑线虫和3种拟毛刺线虫能够传播病毒,分别是美洲剑线虫、考克斯剑线虫和短小拟毛刺线虫、较小拟毛刺线虫、圆肌拟毛刺线虫[62-63]。在印度,美洲剑线虫是危害竹子的主要植物线虫,对印度竹林产业造成的损伤为15%[23]。除了美洲剑线虫外,其它几种传毒线虫对竹子的危害仍未可知。

  • 短体线虫是迁移性专性内寄生线虫,又称根腐线虫,主要通过穿刺、取食皮层薄壁细胞引起根部坏死损伤,导致寄主植物根系统功能丧失,水分和营养的吸收与运输受阻[64]。此外,由短体线虫引起的坏死损伤可被病原真菌和细菌侵入,导致宿主根部的大面积腐烂, 造成更严重的复合病害[65]

    竹子上已报道5种短体线虫,咖啡短体线虫分布最普遍[10, 20-21],尽管这种线虫是重要的作物病原线虫,但未有其对竹子致病性的报道。作为印度竹子的主要植物线虫,最短尾短体线虫和其他短体线虫对印度竹林产业造成的损失为10%~12%[23]

  • 孢囊线虫和根结线虫为植物根部定居性内寄生线虫[9]。竹子上报道了5种孢囊线虫[31, 37, 39-41],中国报道了4种孢囊线虫[35-36, 39-41],其中,3种仅在我国报道, 分别是海南孢囊线虫[39]、广东孢囊线虫[40]和冯氏孢囊线虫[41]。朝鲜孢囊线虫的寄主和地理分布最广[32-38]。Inserra等[32]报道了朝鲜孢囊线虫对人面竹的致病性。孢囊线虫2龄幼虫穿刺幼根表皮和皮层薄壁组织,并且在内皮层细胞建立取食位点;线虫持续吸附在紧邻中柱鞘的内皮层细胞的细胞壁上,在用口针刺穿内皮层细胞的细胞壁后取食中柱鞘;线虫的取食诱导中柱鞘细胞膨大,随后,细胞壁溶解,这些细胞融合成合胞体,最后,合胞体因吸收维管薄壁细胞和韧皮细胞而膨大;细胞壁碎片分散在合胞体高浓度的细胞质中,合胞体细胞壁增厚,尤其是在取食位点附近;融合细胞的细胞核过度增大,细胞核表面深度凹陷,内部核仁明显[32]

    根结线虫可危害印度竹林,造成的损失为4%~5%[23]。佛罗里达州的人面竹和簕竹属根部发现南方根结线虫,根内还发现了根结线虫雌虫,但没有提到其地上部症状[15]。南方根结线虫世界性分布,寄主十分广泛;幼虫从卵中孵化后,寻找和穿刺附近的根尖;取食造成根部形成膨大的根结,根结内的雌虫产下卵囊;被侵染的根系统退化,产生许多根结,植株生长不良,表现为叶片失绿和萎焉[9]

  • 针线虫主要外寄生在植物根部,口针较短的针线虫侵染植物幼根的表皮细胞,而口针较长的种类能够破坏植物更深层的根部细胞[66-67]。然而,有报道称,虽在寄主植物根际大量存在某些针线虫,却并未显著影响植株生长[68]

    Troccoli等[49]报道了隐针线虫对桂竹的致病性,但没有报道经济损失。隐针线虫的成熟雌虫具有固着性外寄生习性,线形雌虫将长的口针插入根组织,通过口针持续吸附在根的表面,随着生殖腺的成熟,雌虫身体膨大;线虫取食表皮、皮层薄壁组织和厚壁组织,线虫的取食诱导取食位点表皮细胞的细胞壁增厚;口针可以穿透3~4层细胞,然后被细胞质组分的取食管紧紧包裹,使线虫的口针和虫体锚定在根的表面,仅在线虫口针能够探索到的表皮、厚壁组织和中柱鞘皮层薄壁细胞中观察到取食管;持续取食这些组织导致合胞体的形成,细胞壁溶解和纹孔场是合胞体的特征;合胞体延伸到皮层薄壁细胞,并且延伸到中柱合并内皮层细胞、中柱鞘、韧皮细胞和维管薄壁细胞;合胞体内可观察到具有肥大细胞核和核仁以及颗粒状细胞质的高浓度的离散细胞,合并到合胞体的内皮层细胞没有细胞壁增厚[47-48]。全世界已报道6种针线虫,3种口针较短[17, 46],3种口针较长[47-49],其对竹子生长的影响仍不清楚。

3.   讨论
  • 竹子寄生线虫致病性方面的研究极其匮乏,美国报道了朝鲜孢囊线虫和隐针线虫对竹子的致病性研究,仅有根部症状和组织病理学的观察与描述,地上部的症状和经济损失并未提及[30, 36, 47-48]。尽管美国的竹子线虫种类十分丰富,它们对竹子的具体危害却鲜有报道[13]。印度报道了几类线虫对竹林产量的影响,其中,美洲剑线虫和最短尾短体线虫等根腐线虫最受重视[21]。包括美洲剑线虫在内的美洲剑线虫组(Xiphinema americanum group)有近40个形态特征近似的种类,彼此差异不大,很容易混淆[69]。美洲剑线虫被普遍认为是北美特有的传毒线虫种类,其他地区(包括中国)报道的美洲剑线虫受到质疑,有可能是美洲剑线虫组的其它种类,需要进一步确认[69-70]

    我国竹子寄生线虫致病性方面的研究较少,未见相关报道。国内竹子上报道的线虫种类中,剑线虫、孢囊线虫和短体线虫的报道较多,但它们对竹子的致病性有待研究。

4.   结论
  • 竹子上植物寄生线虫种类丰富,已报道至少82种,其中包括一些重要的种类,如能够传播植物病毒的剑线虫和拟毛刺线虫,定居性内寄生的孢囊线虫和根结线虫,迁移性内寄生的短体线虫以及以外寄生为主的针线虫。中国和美国报道的竹子寄生线虫种类最多,印度其次。

    植物寄生线虫的竹子寄主超过22种,大部分竹子种类不易鉴定,其中,25种线虫寄主为簕竹属,26种线虫寄主为竹子(Bamboo),均未鉴定到种。在所有竹子寄主中,金竹和毛竹上报道的寄生线虫种类最多,分别为13种和12种。

5.   展望
  • 竹子寄生线虫虽种类较多,但绝大多数种类对竹子的危害程度尚不清楚,今后可以关注重要线虫对主要竹子生长的影响。

    本文大部分数据来自零星报道的相关文献,其中,观赏竹类线虫调查较多,材用竹和笋用竹线虫种类调查较少,有必要系统调查主要经济竹子寄生线虫种类。

    竹子的根系发达,植物线虫作为根部病原物,单独危害症状通常不明显。然而,植物线虫可为其他病原的侵入提供条件,加重病害发生。线虫与其他病原物的复合侵染可以作为竹子根部病害重要研究方向之一。

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