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DNA条形码(DNA barcoding)是一种基于DNA序列进行物种鉴定的新工具,它最早由加拿大科学家Paul Hebert于2003年提出,它是利用生物体内普遍存在的一个或几个、较短的且标准化的基因片段作为通用条形码,通过碱基序列差异来实现物种水平上的快速准确鉴定[1]。与传统形态分类相比,DNA条形码技术具有诸多显著优点,使其成为一项全新的物种分类和鉴定技术。1)DNA条形码是基于DNA水平的物种鉴定,它不因个体外部形态、发育阶段和环境变化而改变,扩大了样品检测范围;2)通过构建信息完善的标准数字化数据库,DNA条形码克服了传统分类的缺陷,提高物种鉴定成功率,同时有助于检测鉴定中可能存在的问题以及发现未知种;3)DNA条形码技术操作流程简单、规范,能突破对经验的过渡依赖,使物种鉴定大众化。
经过15年的发展,DNA条形码已成为生物领域发展最迅猛的研究方向之一。一方面,DNA条形码的兴起为传统经典分类的发展提供了机遇,极大推动了分类修订、新种和隐种发现,提高全球生物分类与鉴定速度[2-3]。同时,DNA条形码的发展也为生态学、进化生物学研究注入新的活力,为多学科融合开辟了路径,增强了人类对生物多样性监测和利用的能力[4-6]。另一方面,随着条形码技术的不断发展和标准数据库的不断完善,DNA条形码在对特殊材料的鉴定上展示了强大的实用价值,该技术已成功应用在海关、中药材真伪鉴定、法医鉴定、动植物检疫、生物入侵、食品和药物市场监督等诸多领域[7-10]。
DNA条形码为生物多样性管理、保护和可持续利用提供新的思路和研究工具。本文将介绍DNA条形码在近15年来的研究进展及其发展趋势,并阐述DNA条形码在林业科学研究各个领域的已有成果,深入挖掘DNA条形码在林业上的应用潜力,推动林业产业的发展。
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