• 中国中文核心期刊
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Volume 33 Issue 3
Jun.  2020
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Leaf Morphological Variation on Progeny of Populus simonii × Populus nigra

  • Corresponding author: LI Jin-hua, lijinh@caf.ac.cn
  • Received Date: 2019-05-30
    Accepted Date: 2020-04-14
  • Objective To investigate the feasibility of LeafAnalyzer and MorphoJ software in leaf morphological chartacters of poplar, F1 progenies between Populus simonii and P. nigra were used for variation analysis and principal component analyse of leaf morphological traits. Method The leaves from 1-year-old plants of parents and progenies were collected and scanned with scanner and computer. Four leaf morphological traits (area, circumference, length and width), were measured by Digimizer software, and statistical parameters of the traits were calculated. LeafAnalyser software was used to generate spot markers of leaf shape contour through analysis of 200 mark points, build a leaf shape contour model, identify leaf shape characteristics and conduct principal component analysis (PCA). MorphoJ softeare was used to construct the profile model of leaf morphology by using Generalized Procrustes analysis (GPA), and PCA was performed to generate visual images of leaf shape changes. Result The variation coefficients from four leaf morphological traits of the hybrid progenies were all greater than 10%, and the variation coefficient of leaf area was the largest (31.74%) among four leaf traits. Based on LeafAnalyser software, principal component analysis and leaf shape variation showed that PC1 an PC2 accounted for 91.79% of the total variables, and the leaf shape profile of PC1 showed that leaf area was the factor that had the greatest influence on PC1 of leaf shape variation. According to the results of leaf shape variation an PCA with MorphoJ software showed that PC1, PC2, PC3 and PC4 accounted for 85% of the total variables. Leaf shape contour maps of four principal components were generated from the marking data, which visually showed the trend of leaf shape changes. Conclusion Based on statistical analysis of leaf characters, leaf morphological analysis software was introduced to leaf shape analysis, the genetic variation of leaf morphological traits in hybrid progenies was comprehensively and intuitively studied, and the method of leaf shape analysis software in leaf morphological research was constructed in poplar.
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Leaf Morphological Variation on Progeny of Populus simonii × Populus nigra

    Corresponding author: LI Jin-hua, lijinh@caf.ac.cn
  • State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China

Abstract:  Objective To investigate the feasibility of LeafAnalyzer and MorphoJ software in leaf morphological chartacters of poplar, F1 progenies between Populus simonii and P. nigra were used for variation analysis and principal component analyse of leaf morphological traits. Method The leaves from 1-year-old plants of parents and progenies were collected and scanned with scanner and computer. Four leaf morphological traits (area, circumference, length and width), were measured by Digimizer software, and statistical parameters of the traits were calculated. LeafAnalyser software was used to generate spot markers of leaf shape contour through analysis of 200 mark points, build a leaf shape contour model, identify leaf shape characteristics and conduct principal component analysis (PCA). MorphoJ softeare was used to construct the profile model of leaf morphology by using Generalized Procrustes analysis (GPA), and PCA was performed to generate visual images of leaf shape changes. Result The variation coefficients from four leaf morphological traits of the hybrid progenies were all greater than 10%, and the variation coefficient of leaf area was the largest (31.74%) among four leaf traits. Based on LeafAnalyser software, principal component analysis and leaf shape variation showed that PC1 an PC2 accounted for 91.79% of the total variables, and the leaf shape profile of PC1 showed that leaf area was the factor that had the greatest influence on PC1 of leaf shape variation. According to the results of leaf shape variation an PCA with MorphoJ software showed that PC1, PC2, PC3 and PC4 accounted for 85% of the total variables. Leaf shape contour maps of four principal components were generated from the marking data, which visually showed the trend of leaf shape changes. Conclusion Based on statistical analysis of leaf characters, leaf morphological analysis software was introduced to leaf shape analysis, the genetic variation of leaf morphological traits in hybrid progenies was comprehensively and intuitively studied, and the method of leaf shape analysis software in leaf morphological research was constructed in poplar.

  • 杨树是世界范围内重要的工业用材林树种[1],杨树人工林在我国北方生态防护林和工业用材林建设中发挥了巨大作用,高产、多抗和优质是我国杨树新品种选育的目标性状[2]。杂交育种是杨树育种的重要途径,有效的早期选择是缩短育种周期、提高育种效率的重要手段[3]。叶片作为植物体的重要器官,是植物进行光合作用和蒸腾作用的主要场所,对光能、水分的利用以及干物质的积累等方面具有直接的影响[4-6]。叶片大小、形态和结构等方面的特征与杨树的生长密切相关,在杨树育种方面具有重要的作用,有研究发现,这些性状受到较强的遗传控制[7-10]。因此,叶形变异研究对杨树遗传改良和早期选择具有重要意义。

    随着计算机技术的兴起,利用图像法结合软件对叶片进行测量与分析的研究逐渐发展起来[11-13]。高建昌等利用Leaf J软件构建了一种番茄(Solanum lycopersicum)叶面积的测定方法[14],李乐等利用Digimizer软件对蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb)叶面积进行测定,并建立了起叶面积估测模型[15]。与传统的测量方法相比,这些软件具有测量速度快、精确度高的特点。但是,目前软件法应用于叶片研究,大多是利用软件进行叶面积、叶长、叶宽等数量形态性状的测定和分析。同时,由于叶形变异难以量化,仅通过叶片形态数量性状无法直观全面地描述叶形变异[16-17]。为弥补叶片数量性状分析不够全面直观的缺点,研发出了一系列软件用于开展叶形变异分析,例如基于生物形态变异定量分析的SHAPE(2002)[18],自动识别叶片边界并进行性状测量的LAMINA(2008)[19]和LeafAnalyser(2008)[16],基于叠印法叶形变异分析的MorphoJ(2011)[20],基于Image J软件叶形变异分析脚本Leaf J(2013)[21],以及基于MATLAB平台的可视化叶片图像处理分析软件LeafletAnalyzer(2015)[22]等。LeafAnalyser软件是Weight等(2008)开发的用于分析叶形变异主成分的大通量叶形分析软件,具有操作简单、便捷,识别快速,结果直观等特点[16],通过自动识别叶片的轮廓,利用标记点标记叶片形状并转化为叶形轮廓模型,再通过叶形轮廓模型的对比,分析影响叶形态变异的主成分。MorphoJ软件是Klingenberg(2011)开发出的叶形变异分析软件,通过叠印法去除了来自叶片大小与图像比例的影响,能直观地分析叶片形态特征上的变异类型和变异程度[20]。这些软件作为叶片形态数量性状在叶形变异分析中的有效补充,有效解决了单纯基于数量性状的叶形变异分析不够全面的问题。

    本研究利用通过扫描法获得的小叶杨无性系‘1-XY’与欧洲黑杨无性系‘N139’及其杂交子代无性系的叶片图像,使用Digimizer软件对叶面积、叶片周长、叶长、叶宽4个叶片形态性状进行了测定,使用leafAnanlyser软件建立叶片形态轮廓模型,使用LeafAnalyser软件和MorphoJ软件对叶形变异进行分析,确定影响叶形变异的主要因素,以评价叶形变异分析软件在杨树叶片形态性状分析中的应用性和可行性。

1.   材料与方法
  • 以小叶杨优良无性系‘1-XY’(母本)与欧洲黑杨优良无性系‘N139’(父本)杂交F1代经扦插扩繁后,与亲本扦插苗一起定植于中国林科院丰南基地。田间试验为5株小区,株行距为30 cm×50 cm。当年生长季选取生长一致、无病虫害苗木1株为标准株,采集自顶端向下第6~9片叶片中的1片,去柄后置于自封袋中编号并记录。亲本各随机取样1株,杂交子代共计305株,编号为1~305。

  • 中国林科院丰南基地位于河北省唐山市丰南区小集镇(39°29′ N,118°16′ E),地处冀东滨海平原。暖温带半湿润大陆性季风气候,四季分明,降水集中,风向有明显的季节变化。年平均气温12.5℃左右,最冷1月平均气温−5.0℃,最热7月平均气温24.8℃,无霜期190 d左右。年平均降水量596.4 mm。土壤为沙壤土。

  • 使用惠普公司ScanJetG4010型扫描仪对叶片进行扫描,分辨率为300 DPI,输出格式为图片文件(*.jpg)并保存。

  • 使用Digimizer软件(MedCalc Software bvba公司)对叶片图像进行叶面积、叶片周长、叶长、叶宽的测定。使用Excel 2007软件进行数据录入和校对,利用IBM SPSS 19.0软件,计算平均值、标准差和变异系数。

  • 使用LeafAnanlyser软件建立叶片标志点的叶形轮廓模型,以叶脉基部为叶形轮廓标志点的起点,标志数量为200个,对叶片表型形态进行计量分析,生成并输出包括叶形轮廓标志点坐标数据的文本文件(*.txt),进行叶片形态变异的主成分分析。使用MorphoJ软件通过普氏叠印法(Generalized Procrustes Analysis,GPA)对叶片标志点数据进行主成分分析,形成叶片形态的可视化叶形轮廓图形。

2.   结果与分析
  • 本研究杂交子代的母本小叶杨和父母欧洲黑杨分别属于黑杨派和青杨派的两个树种,其叶形形状存在较大的种间差异,小叶杨叶片较小,欧洲黑杨叶片较大。杂交子代叶片形态性状的统计参数见表1。4个性状变异系数均大于10%,性状变化幅度较大,其中叶片面积变异系数最大(31.74%),最大值为最小值的8倍。杂交子代叶片叶面积频率分布(图1)符合正态分布,分布相对偏向于父本,叶面积平均值(73.39 cm2)与父本欧洲黑杨(72.95 cm2)相近。

    性状Traits均值Mean标准差
    Standard deviation
    最大值Maximum最小值Minimum变异系数Variation coefficient/%
    叶面积Leaf area/cm273.3923.29134.5716.6031.74
    叶片周长Leaf perimeter/cm37.10 6.47 53.0521.2317.44
    叶长Leaf length/cm11.05 1.54 14.57 6.9913.96
    叶宽Leaf width/cm10.10 1.81 13.82 4.4517.90

    Table 1.  Statistical describing on leaf quantitative characters of hybrids

    Figure 1.  Frequency histograms of leaf area in hybrids

  • 使用LeafAnalyser软件通过点位标记对叶片形态性状实现精确量化,利用200个标志点构建了叶片的形态轮廓模型,根据标志点的信息对叶形变异进行主成分分析(PCA),前四个主成分分析(PC1、PC2、PC3、PC4)结果(图2)显示,叶片上方为叶基,下方为叶尖,中间叶片表示平均叶的叶形轮廓,两边叶片为平均叶在该主成分影响下偏移两倍标准差(2SD)的叶形轮廓。分析结果显示,PC1占总变量的87.52%,PC2、PC3和PC4分别占总变量的4.27%、2%和1.6%。前两者占总变量的91.79%,能够解释子代叶片形状的主要差异。根据叶片形状偏离平均叶的叶形轮廓的程度,对子代群体进行叶形变异分析,PC1的叶形轮廓显示,叶面积是对叶形变异第一主成分影响最大的因子。同理,叶尖、叶基和叶片主脉对称性是PC2、PC3和PC4的主要影响因素,PC2和PC3的叶形轮廓呈现出菱形、阔圆形等特征,分别与母本小叶杨和父本欧洲黑杨的相似。

    Figure 2.  Principal component analysis of leaf shape variation based on LeafAnalyser

    叶片模型标志点在PC1空间中的分布(图3)显示,叶片模型标志点在PC1为横坐标轴上的变化幅度大于在PC2为纵坐标轴上的变化幅度,从PC1轴上可以将大部分个体区分开。负向标准差区域(左边)叶片轮廓显示,其叶片小,叶形为菱形,近似于母本小叶杨,而正向标准差区域(右边)叶形轮廓显示,其叶片大,叶形为三角形,近似于父本欧洲黑杨,表明来自不同亲本的遗传效应。

    Figure 3.  Distribution of points in leaf shape model based on PC1 and PC2

  • 利用MorphoJ软件对子代叶片形态标志点进行GPA分析,结果(图4)显示,去除了来自叶片大小和比例的影响因素(叶片位置和大小的差异),所有叶片最大限度地重合,能够直观地反映叶片形态特征上的差异。基于GPA分析的叶片轮廓点阵模型图上,上方为叶基,下方为叶尖,蓝色点为根据叶片形态标志点构建的平均叶的叶形轮廓模型,红色数字为标志点的序号。

    Figure 4.  Leaf shape model of GPA based on procrustes fit of MorphoJ software

    基于GPA分析叶片标志点的叶形轮廓(图5)显示,PC1的叶形变化主要由叶长和叶宽决定,叶基和叶尖标志点的变化趋势为外延(叶片长度增大),叶片两侧叶缘标志点的变化趋势为内收(叶片宽度减小);PC2的叶形变化主要由叶尖、叶基及两侧叶缘的形态决定,叶尖和叶基两侧叶缘标志点的变化趋势为外延,叶基和叶尖两侧叶缘标志点的变化趋势为内收;PC3的叶形变化主要由叶尖方向决定,叶尖标志点的变化趋势为叶尖向不同方向偏移,即叶片主脉对称性的变化趋势;PC4的叶形变化主要由叶片上下宽度的形态决定,叶尖两侧叶缘标志点变化趋势为外延,其次是叶基两侧叶缘的标志点变化趋势为内敛。

    Figure 5.  Principal component of leaf shape variation by MorphoJ

    利用MorphoJ软件基于GPA分析200个标志点数据、对子代叶片形态进行主成分分析,对叶片形态变化的统计结果形成了可视化的叶形轮廓图(图5),直接构建了叶形轮廓,实心点轮廓为标准叶的叶片形态,短线轮廓为标准叶在该主成分下的变异趋势,其最终轮廓显示了对该主成分影响最显著的叶片形态,杂交子代标准叶的形态轮廓介于母本和父本之间。在叶片形态标志点数据的主成分分析结果中,PC1占总变量的50%,PC2占总变量的19%,PC3和PC4分别占总变量的11%和5%,前四个主成分累计占总变量的85%,能够解释子代叶片形状的主要差异。

3.   讨论
  • 利用形态性状和特征来估测变异是最现实的方法,尤其是当要求在短期内对变异有所了解或其他生化等方法无法开展时,形态学手段可作为一种有价值的选择方法[23-24]。叶形变异作为叶片性状研究中的重要组成部分,在遗传育种、植物分类、系统进化等方面均具有重要的应用[25-27]。基于传统测量方法的叶片形态性状,大多为叶长、叶宽、叶面积等数量性状,难以准确量化叶片形状等质量性状,且丢失一些叶片特征,亦无法分离叶形形态的数量和质量性状。近年来,基于计算机识别的叶片形态性状测量方法被广泛应用于国内外叶片形态性状变异研究,通过叶形分析软件研究叶片形态变异,涉及植物分类、种质鉴定等方面,但在杨树叶片性状变异研究方面的应用未见报道。本研究以小叶杨与欧洲黑杨杂交F1代子代为试材,通过扫描仪和叶片识别软件精确测定叶片形态性状,构建了一种全面高效叶片形态的分析方法,为后续研究杂交子代中叶片形态变异提供了一种有效的参考方法。

    本研究使用叶形分析软件LeafAnalyser和MorphoJ对小叶杨与欧洲黑杨杂交子代无性系大量叶片形态性状进行快速测量,通过叶片形态标志点和普氏叠印法分析(GPA),构建了叶片形态轮廓模型,对叶形变异的主成分分析呈现了可视化的叶形变化,可直观地确定影响叶形变异的主要特征,并通过叶形轮廓模型图像探讨了子代变异与亲本表现之间的联系。这种基于标志点的叶片形态分析方法,能够直观地反映叶片形态的特征差异,并能表现出亲本的叶片形态特征对子代的影响,是对经典叶形测量和变异分析方法的提升,弥补了传统性状测量方法产生的叶形特征不足的情况,在杨树叶形态变异及性状相关性选择研究中具有应用前景。

4.   结论
  • 本研究发现小叶杨与欧洲黑杨杂交F1代无性系叶面积变异丰富,基于叶形分析软件LeafAnalyser和MorphoJ的测量实现了叶片形态性状精确量化,通过标志法和轮廓法,以可视化图片的形式直观地阐明了叶片形态变异,为叶片形态性状变异研究提供了方便准确的应用方法。

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