Geographic Variation of Morphological Characters among Cultivated Neem (Azadirachta indica) Populations in Yunnan, China

PENG Xing-min; WU Jiang-chong; ZHENG Yi-xing; ZHANG Yan-ping

Volume 26 Issue 4

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Geographic Variation of Morphological Characters among Cultivated Neem (Azadirachta indica) Populations in Yunnan, China

1.
Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China

Received Date: 2012-03-27

Abstract

By means of morphological markers with completely random design and nest design, the geographic variation pattern of the morphological characters of neem (Azadirachta indica) was revealed. Sampled at level of 90 individuals, 9 populations, 14 phenotypes along gradients of latitude and altitude, and analyzed by multivariate statistics, the results are as follows: The variations existed both among populations and within population. The nutrient characters were positively correlated to the annual mean temperature (21.7-24.8℃), and negatively correlated to altitude (197.0-1 277.0 m) and latitude (23°06' N-25°48' N), with space distribution along latitude; The reproductive characters were positively correlated to the annual mean temperature, annual rainfall (197.0-1 277.0 m) and longitude (101°51'-103°11' E), and negatively correlated to altitude and latitude, with space distribution along latitude and longitude. Euclid’s genetic distance between populations ranged from 2.44 to 8.16. Mantel test showed that the genetic distance among populations was not significantly correlated to the geographic distance (R=0.282 09, P=0.946 3), difference of temperature (R=0.456 66, P=0.999 3) and difference of annual rainfall (R=0.233 26, P=0.924 3), but was negatively correlate to difference of altitude (R=-0.417 03, P=0.003 2), suggesting that the altitude (with heterogeneous environment) might affect the genetic differentiation of populations.
- Azadirachta indica,
- cultivated populations,
- geographic variation pattern,
- environment factor,
- multivariate analysis

References

[1]	李长喜.林木天然种群表型变异研究概述[J].林业科学研究,1988,1(6):657-664
[2]	葛颂,洪德元.遗传多样性及其检测方法[C]//钱迎倩,马克平. 生物多样性研究的理论与方法. 北京:中国科学技术出版社,1994:123-140
[3]	National R C. Neem- A Tree for Solving Global Problems[M].Washington D C. National Academy Press,1992:141
[4]	彭兴民,张燕平,赖永祺,等.印楝生物学特性及引种栽培[J].林业科学研究, 2003, 17(1):75-80
[5]	冯沙克,赵元藩.云南省印楝种植及相关产业的发展现状[J].林业调查规划,2007,32 (5):79-82
[6]	Schmutterer H. The tree and its characteristics[C]//Schmutterer H. The Neem Tree: Source of Unique Natural Products for Integrated Pest Management, Medicine, Industry and Other Purposes. Weinheim,Germany: VCH Verlagsgesellschaft,1995:1-34
[7]	彭兴民,吴疆翀,郑益兴,等.印楝属(Azadirachta A. Juss.)植物分类及分布的研究现状[J]. 植物遗传资源学报,2012,13(4):583-588
[8]	Sidhu O P, Kumar V, Behl H M. Variability in Neem (Azadirchta indica) with respect to azadirchtin content[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2003,51:910-915
[9]	Kaushik N, Singh B G, Tomar U K, et al. Regional and habitat variability in azadirachtin content of Indian neem (Azadirachta indica A. Jusieu) [J]. Current Science, 2007,92:1400-1406
[10]	彭兴民,吴疆翀,郑益兴,等. 云南引种印楝实生种群的表型变异[J].植物生态学报,2012,36(6):560-571
[11]	Momchilova S, Antonova D, Marekov I, et al. Fatty Acids, Triacylglycerols, and Sterols in Neem Oil (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) as Determined by a Combination of Chromatographic and Spectral Techniques[J]. Journal of Liquid Chromatography and Related Technologies, 2007,30(1):11-25
[12]	吴疆翀,彭兴民,郑益兴,等.印楝异交率和基因流的分析[J].林业科学研究,2008,21(5):593-598
[13]	吴疆翀,彭兴民,郑益兴,等. 印楝素含量与种子形态及成熟期关系的初步研究[J].林业科学研究,2006,19(5):590-594
[14]	彭兴民,吴疆翀,郑益兴,等. 印楝农药原料林优树选择方法与标准[J].福建林学院学报, 2010,30(3):265-269
[15]	Gupta V K, Ahlawat S P, Kumar R V, et al. Effect of Season and Year on Azadirachtin A and Oil Content in Neem (Azadirachta indica A. juss) Seeds and Relationship of Azadirachtin A and Oil Content with Rainfall, Temperature and Humidity[J]. Current Science, 2010,99(7):953-956
[16]	Tomar U K, Singh G, Kaushik N. Screening Azadirachta indica tree for enhancing azadirachtin and oil contents in dry areas of Gujarat[J]. Journal of Forestry Research,2011,22(2): 217-224
[17]	张兴,赵善欢. 国产印楝树皮中印楝素测试初报[J].西北农业大学学报,1992,20(4):90-94
[18]	Yakkundi S R, Thejavathi R, Ravindranath B. Variation of azadirachtin content during growth and storage of Neem (Azadirachta indica) seeds[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,1995,43:257-259
[19]	Johnson S, Morgan E D, Peiris C J. Development of the Major Triterpenoids and Oil in the Fruit and Seeds of Neem[J]. Annals of Botany,1996,78: 383-388
[20]	宗乾收,林军,武永昆,等. 印楝种仁中印楝素含量的快速液相色谱分析[J].农药, 2003,42(4):23-24
[21]	Diaz S, Cabido M, Casanoves F. Plant functional traits and environmental filters at a regional scale[J]. Journal of Vegetation Science, 1998,9(1):113-122
[22]	Hamrick J L, Godt M J W. Allozyme diversity in plant species[C]//Brown A H D, Clegg M T, Kahler A L. Plant Population Genetics, Breeding, and Genetic Resources. Massachusetts: Sinauer Association Inc, 1990:43-63
[23]	杨继. 植物种内形态变异的机制及其研究方法[J].武汉植物学研究, 1991,9(2):185-195

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通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

1.
沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142

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Geographic Variation of Morphological Characters among Cultivated Neem (Azadirachta indica) Populations in Yunnan, China

1. Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China

Received Date: 2012-03-27

Abstract: By means of morphological markers with completely random design and nest design, the geographic variation pattern of the morphological characters of neem (Azadirachta indica) was revealed. Sampled at level of 90 individuals, 9 populations, 14 phenotypes along gradients of latitude and altitude, and analyzed by multivariate statistics, the results are as follows: The variations existed both among populations and within population. The nutrient characters were positively correlated to the annual mean temperature (21.7-24.8℃), and negatively correlated to altitude (197.0-1 277.0 m) and latitude (23°06' N-25°48' N), with space distribution along latitude; The reproductive characters were positively correlated to the annual mean temperature, annual rainfall (197.0-1 277.0 m) and longitude (101°51'-103°11' E), and negatively correlated to altitude and latitude, with space distribution along latitude and longitude. Euclid’s genetic distance between populations ranged from 2.44 to 8.16. Mantel test showed that the genetic distance among populations was not significantly correlated to the geographic distance (R=0.282 09, P=0.946 3), difference of temperature (R=0.456 66, P=0.999 3) and difference of annual rainfall (R=0.233 26, P=0.924 3), but was negatively correlate to difference of altitude (R=-0.417 03, P=0.003 2), suggesting that the altitude (with heterogeneous environment) might affect the genetic differentiation of populations.

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Reference (23)

[1]	李长喜.林木天然种群表型变异研究概述[J].林业科学研究,1988,1(6):657-664
[2]	葛颂,洪德元.遗传多样性及其检测方法[C]//钱迎倩,马克平. 生物多样性研究的理论与方法. 北京:中国科学技术出版社,1994:123-140
[3]	National R C. Neem- A Tree for Solving Global Problems[M].Washington D C. National Academy Press,1992:141
[4]	彭兴民,张燕平,赖永祺,等.印楝生物学特性及引种栽培[J].林业科学研究, 2003, 17(1):75-80
[5]	冯沙克,赵元藩.云南省印楝种植及相关产业的发展现状[J].林业调查规划,2007,32 (5):79-82
[6]	Schmutterer H. The tree and its characteristics[C]//Schmutterer H. The Neem Tree: Source of Unique Natural Products for Integrated Pest Management, Medicine, Industry and Other Purposes. Weinheim,Germany: VCH Verlagsgesellschaft,1995:1-34
[7]	彭兴民,吴疆翀,郑益兴,等.印楝属(Azadirachta A. Juss.)植物分类及分布的研究现状[J]. 植物遗传资源学报,2012,13(4):583-588
[8]	Sidhu O P, Kumar V, Behl H M. Variability in Neem (Azadirchta indica) with respect to azadirchtin content[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2003,51:910-915
[9]	Kaushik N, Singh B G, Tomar U K, et al. Regional and habitat variability in azadirachtin content of Indian neem (Azadirachta indica A. Jusieu) [J]. Current Science, 2007,92:1400-1406
[10]	彭兴民,吴疆翀,郑益兴,等. 云南引种印楝实生种群的表型变异[J].植物生态学报,2012,36(6):560-571
[11]	Momchilova S, Antonova D, Marekov I, et al. Fatty Acids, Triacylglycerols, and Sterols in Neem Oil (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) as Determined by a Combination of Chromatographic and Spectral Techniques[J]. Journal of Liquid Chromatography and Related Technologies, 2007,30(1):11-25
[12]	吴疆翀,彭兴民,郑益兴,等.印楝异交率和基因流的分析[J].林业科学研究,2008,21(5):593-598
[13]	吴疆翀,彭兴民,郑益兴,等. 印楝素含量与种子形态及成熟期关系的初步研究[J].林业科学研究,2006,19(5):590-594
[14]	彭兴民,吴疆翀,郑益兴,等. 印楝农药原料林优树选择方法与标准[J].福建林学院学报, 2010,30(3):265-269
[15]	Gupta V K, Ahlawat S P, Kumar R V, et al. Effect of Season and Year on Azadirachtin A and Oil Content in Neem (Azadirachta indica A. juss) Seeds and Relationship of Azadirachtin A and Oil Content with Rainfall, Temperature and Humidity[J]. Current Science, 2010,99(7):953-956
[16]	Tomar U K, Singh G, Kaushik N. Screening Azadirachta indica tree for enhancing azadirachtin and oil contents in dry areas of Gujarat[J]. Journal of Forestry Research,2011,22(2): 217-224
[17]	张兴,赵善欢. 国产印楝树皮中印楝素测试初报[J].西北农业大学学报,1992,20(4):90-94
[18]	Yakkundi S R, Thejavathi R, Ravindranath B. Variation of azadirachtin content during growth and storage of Neem (Azadirachta indica) seeds[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,1995,43:257-259
[19]	Johnson S, Morgan E D, Peiris C J. Development of the Major Triterpenoids and Oil in the Fruit and Seeds of Neem[J]. Annals of Botany,1996,78: 383-388
[20]	宗乾收,林军,武永昆,等. 印楝种仁中印楝素含量的快速液相色谱分析[J].农药, 2003,42(4):23-24
[21]	Diaz S, Cabido M, Casanoves F. Plant functional traits and environmental filters at a regional scale[J]. Journal of Vegetation Science, 1998,9(1):113-122
[22]	Hamrick J L, Godt M J W. Allozyme diversity in plant species[C]//Brown A H D, Clegg M T, Kahler A L. Plant Population Genetics, Breeding, and Genetic Resources. Massachusetts: Sinauer Association Inc, 1990:43-63
[23]	杨继. 植物种内形态变异的机制及其研究方法[J].武汉植物学研究, 1991,9(2):185-195

Geographic Variation of Morphological Characters among Cultivated Neem (Azadirachta indica) Populations in Yunnan, China

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通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

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Geographic Variation of Morphological Characters among Cultivated Neem (Azadirachta indica) Populations in Yunnan, China

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