Calculation and Regulation of Forest Stand Density According to Soil Water Carrying Capacity：A Case of Larix principis-rupprechtii  Plantation in Liupan Mountains

CAO Gong-xiang; WANG Yan-hui; XIONG Wei; YU Peng-tao; DU Min; SUN Hao; LI Zhen-hua; WANG Yun-ni

Volume 27 Issue 2

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Calculation and Regulation of Forest Stand Density According to Soil Water Carrying Capacity：A Case of Larix principis-rupprechtii Plantation in Liupan Mountains

1.
Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Forestry Ecology and Environment of the State Forestry Administration, Beijing 100091, China
2.
College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410002, Hu'nan, China

Received Date: 2013-12-09

Abstract

The vegetation carrying capacity is mainly determined by soil moisture condition is an important basis for the reasonable forest managements in dryland regions. Since the evapotranspiration of forest is directly related to the leaf area index (LAI) and it accounts for the absolutely dominant proportion in the water output from forestland in arid areas, it is proposed to use the maximum LAI (LAImax) during a period of growing season as the quantitative indicator of the vegetation carrying capacity (LAIc). In order to promote the related technology progress, the LAI of stand canopy of 44 sample plots of Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation were monitored using Plant Canopy Analyzer (LAI-2000) during the growing season in two small catchments of Xiangshuihe and Diediegou at Liupan Mountains located at northwest China. The seasonal variation of canopy LAI and the relation among the LAI and other normal stand structure parameters, such as stand basal area, canopy density, mean tree height and stand density were analyzed. The result showed that a power function existed between the LAImax and all the stand structure parameters mentioned above, with a determination coefficient (R2) of 0.84, 0.82, 0.56 and 0.47 respectively. It implies that the stand basal area, which is jointly determined by stand density and size of trees, is correlated with the canopy LAI at the best. Therefore, the power relation between the LAImax and basal area was coupled into a model which describes the relations among the stand average DBH, stand density and stand age, for describing the relation among LAImax, stand density and stand age. Then, the parameters in this model were fitted using the measured data from sample plots. The model precision test showed that the mean relative error between the simulated and field measured values of LAImax was 8.6% (0-20.4%). This implies that this fitted model can well describe the relation among the forest canopy LAI, forest age and forest density. Hence, this model was used to deduce a new model for calculating the stand density at any given tree age under any certain LAIc value. The result of this study could offer theoretical and technical reference for stand density regulation and multifunctional forest management based on vegetation carrying capacity.
- Ningxia,
- Liupan Mountains,
- Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation,
- carrying capacity of vegetation,
- leaf area index,
- stand structure

References

[1]	Watson D J. Comparative physiological studies on the growth of field crops. I. Variation in net assimilation rate and leaf area between species and varieties, and within and between years[J]. Annals of Botany, 1947,11:41-76
[2]	Weiss M, Baret F, Smith G J, et al. Review of methods for in situ leaf area index (LAI) determination Part II. Estimation of LAI, errors and sampling[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2004, 121:37-53
[3]	Arias D, Calvo-Alvarado J, Dohrenbusch A. Calibration of LAI-2000 to estimate leaf area index (LAI) and assessment of its relationship with stand productivity in six native and introduced tree species in Costa Rica[J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2007, 247:185-193
[4]	丹利,季劲钧,马柱国.新疆植被生产力与叶面积指数的变化及其对气候的响应[J].生态学报, 2007, 27(9):3582-3592
[5]	Jonckheere I, Fleck S, Nackaerts K, et al. Review of methods for in situ leaf area index determination. Part I. Theories, sensors and hemispherical photography[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2004, 121:19-35
[6]	邹杰,阎广建.森林冠层地面叶面积指数光学测量方法研究进展[J]. 应用生态学报, 2010,21(11):2971-2979
[7]	Schleppi P, Conedera M, Sedivy I, et al. Correcting non-linearity and slope effects in the estimation of the leaf area index of forests from hemispherical photographs[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2007, 144:236-242
[8]	郭志华,向洪波,刘世荣,等.落叶收集法测定叶面积指数的快速取样方法[J].生态学报, 2010, 30(5):1200-1209
[9]	Chen J M. Optically-based methods for measuring seasonal variation of leaf area index in boreal conifer stands[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 1996, 80:135- 163
[10]	Nasahara K N, Muraoka H, Nagai S, et al. Vertical integration of leaf area index in a Japanese deciduous broad-leaved forest[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2008, 148:1136-1146
[11]	Sprintsin M, Cohen S, Maseyk K, et al. Long term and seasonal courses of leaf area index in a semi-arid forest plantation[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2011, 151:565-574
[12]	Asner G P, Scurlock J M O, Hicke J A. Global synthesis of leaf area index observations: implications for ecological and remote sensing studies[J]. Global Ecology & Biogeography, 2003, 12:191-205
[13]	Ishihara M I, Hiura T. Modeling leaf area index from litter collection and tree data in a deciduous broadleaf forest[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2011, 151:1016-1022
[14]	孙鹏森, 刘世荣, 刘京涛,等. 利用不同分辨率卫星影像的NDVI 数据估算叶面积指数(LAI)——以岷江上游为例[J]. 生态学报, 2006, 26(11): 3826-3834
[15]	Hebert M T, Jack S B. Leaf area index and site water balance of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) across a precipitation gradient in East Texas[J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 1998, 105:273-282
[16]	Molina A J, del Campo A D. The effects of experimental thinning on throughfall and stemflow: A contribution towards hydrology-oriented silviculture in Aleppo pine plantations[J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2012, 269:206-213
[17]	Wasseige C D, Bastin D, Defourny P. Seasonal variation of tropical forest LAI based on field measurements in Central African Republic[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2003, 119:181-194
[18]	张佳华,符淙斌,延晓冬,等.全球植被叶面积指数对温度和降水的响应研究[J]. 地球物理学报, 2002, 45(5):631-638
[19]	郭忠升,邵明安.半干旱区人工林草地土壤旱化与土壤水分植被承载力[J]. 生态学报, 2003, 23(8):1640-1647
[20]	郭忠升,邵明安.雨水资源、土壤水资源与土壤水分植被承载力[J]. 自然资源学报, 2003,18(5):523-528
[21]	熊伟.六盘山北侧主要造林树种耗水特性研究. 北京:中国林业科学研究院, 2003
[22]	Iida S, Tanaka T, Sugita M. Change of evapotranspiration components due to the succession from Japanese red pine to evergreen oak[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2006,326;166-180
[23]	Andersen J, Dybkjaer G, Jensen K H, et al. Use of remotely sensed precipitation and leaf area index in a distributed hydrological model[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2002, 264(1/4):34-50
[24]	王彦辉,熊伟,于澎涛,等.干旱缺水地区森林植被蒸散耗水研究[J]. 中国水土保持科学, 2006, 4 (4): 19-25
[25]	刘建立,王彦辉,于澎涛,等.六盘山叠叠沟小流域典型坡面土壤水分的植被承载力[J]. 植物生态学报, 2009, 33(6):1101-1111
[26]	田有亮,何炎红,郭连生.乌兰布和沙漠东北部土壤水分植被承载力[J]. 林业科学, 2008, 44(9):13-19
[27]	童鸿强,王玉杰,王彦辉,等.六盘山叠叠沟华北落叶松人工林叶面积指数的时空变化特征[J].林业科学研究, 2011, 24(1):13-20
[28]	时忠杰.六盘山香水河小流域森林植被的坡面生态水文影响. 北京:中国林业科学研究院, 2006
[29]	段旭.六盘山地区水文要素坡面变化. 北京:中国林业科学研究院, 2011
[30]	李永宁,张宾兰,秦淑英,等.郁闭度及其测定方法研究与应用[J]. 世界林业研究, 2008, 21(1):40-46
[31]	郝佳,熊伟,王彦辉,等. 华北落叶松人工林叶面积指数实测值与冠层分析仪读数值的比较和动态校正[J]. 林业科学研究, 2012, 25(2):231-235
[32]	Hebert M T, Jack S B. Leaf area index and site water balance of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) across a precipitation gradient in East Texas [J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 1998,105:273-282
[33]	郝佳.宁夏六盘山华北落叶松人工林密度对多功能的影响. 北京:中国林业科学研究院, 2012
[34]	Will R E, Narahari N V, Shiver B D, et al. Effect of planting density on canopy dynamics and stem growth for intensively managed loblolly Pine stands[J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2005,205:29-41
[35]	项文化,林柏,吴迂芳.杉木人工林叶面积指数的变化[J].林业科学, 1997, 33(2):139-142
[36]	陈厦,桑卫国. 暖温带地区3种森林群落叶面积指数和林冠开阔度的季节动态[J]. 植物生态学报, 2007, 31(3):431-436
[37]	Davi H, Baret F, Huc R, et al. Effect of thinning on LAI variance in heterogeneous forests[J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2008, 256:890-899
[38]	朱春全,雷静品,刘晓东,等.不同经营方式下杨树人工林叶面积分布与动态研究[J]. 林业科学, 2001, 37(1):46-51
[39]	苏宏新,白帆,李广起. 3类典型温带山地森林的叶面积指数的季节动态:多种监测方法比较[J]. 植物生态学报, 2012, 36(3):231-242
[40]	常国梁,赵万启,贺康宁,等.青海大通退耕还林工程区的林木耗水特性[J].中国水土保持科学,2005,3(1):58-65

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通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

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沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142

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Calculation and Regulation of Forest Stand Density According to Soil Water Carrying Capacity：A Case of Larix principis-rupprechtii Plantation in Liupan Mountains

1. Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Forestry Ecology and Environment of the State Forestry Administration, Beijing 100091, China

2. College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410002, Hu'nan, China

Received Date: 2013-12-09

Abstract: The vegetation carrying capacity is mainly determined by soil moisture condition is an important basis for the reasonable forest managements in dryland regions. Since the evapotranspiration of forest is directly related to the leaf area index (LAI) and it accounts for the absolutely dominant proportion in the water output from forestland in arid areas, it is proposed to use the maximum LAI (LAImax) during a period of growing season as the quantitative indicator of the vegetation carrying capacity (LAIc). In order to promote the related technology progress, the LAI of stand canopy of 44 sample plots of Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation were monitored using Plant Canopy Analyzer (LAI-2000) during the growing season in two small catchments of Xiangshuihe and Diediegou at Liupan Mountains located at northwest China. The seasonal variation of canopy LAI and the relation among the LAI and other normal stand structure parameters, such as stand basal area, canopy density, mean tree height and stand density were analyzed. The result showed that a power function existed between the LAImax and all the stand structure parameters mentioned above, with a determination coefficient (R2) of 0.84, 0.82, 0.56 and 0.47 respectively. It implies that the stand basal area, which is jointly determined by stand density and size of trees, is correlated with the canopy LAI at the best. Therefore, the power relation between the LAImax and basal area was coupled into a model which describes the relations among the stand average DBH, stand density and stand age, for describing the relation among LAImax, stand density and stand age. Then, the parameters in this model were fitted using the measured data from sample plots. The model precision test showed that the mean relative error between the simulated and field measured values of LAImax was 8.6% (0-20.4%). This implies that this fitted model can well describe the relation among the forest canopy LAI, forest age and forest density. Hence, this model was used to deduce a new model for calculating the stand density at any given tree age under any certain LAIc value. The result of this study could offer theoretical and technical reference for stand density regulation and multifunctional forest management based on vegetation carrying capacity.

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Reference (40)

[1]	Watson D J. Comparative physiological studies on the growth of field crops. I. Variation in net assimilation rate and leaf area between species and varieties, and within and between years[J]. Annals of Botany, 1947,11:41-76
[2]	Weiss M, Baret F, Smith G J, et al. Review of methods for in situ leaf area index (LAI) determination Part II. Estimation of LAI, errors and sampling[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2004, 121:37-53
[3]	Arias D, Calvo-Alvarado J, Dohrenbusch A. Calibration of LAI-2000 to estimate leaf area index (LAI) and assessment of its relationship with stand productivity in six native and introduced tree species in Costa Rica[J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2007, 247:185-193
[4]	丹利,季劲钧,马柱国.新疆植被生产力与叶面积指数的变化及其对气候的响应[J].生态学报, 2007, 27(9):3582-3592
[5]	Jonckheere I, Fleck S, Nackaerts K, et al. Review of methods for in situ leaf area index determination. Part I. Theories, sensors and hemispherical photography[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2004, 121:19-35
[6]	邹杰,阎广建.森林冠层地面叶面积指数光学测量方法研究进展[J]. 应用生态学报, 2010,21(11):2971-2979
[7]	Schleppi P, Conedera M, Sedivy I, et al. Correcting non-linearity and slope effects in the estimation of the leaf area index of forests from hemispherical photographs[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2007, 144:236-242
[8]	郭志华,向洪波,刘世荣,等.落叶收集法测定叶面积指数的快速取样方法[J].生态学报, 2010, 30(5):1200-1209
[9]	Chen J M. Optically-based methods for measuring seasonal variation of leaf area index in boreal conifer stands[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 1996, 80:135- 163
[10]	Nasahara K N, Muraoka H, Nagai S, et al. Vertical integration of leaf area index in a Japanese deciduous broad-leaved forest[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2008, 148:1136-1146
[11]	Sprintsin M, Cohen S, Maseyk K, et al. Long term and seasonal courses of leaf area index in a semi-arid forest plantation[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2011, 151:565-574
[12]	Asner G P, Scurlock J M O, Hicke J A. Global synthesis of leaf area index observations: implications for ecological and remote sensing studies[J]. Global Ecology & Biogeography, 2003, 12:191-205
[13]	Ishihara M I, Hiura T. Modeling leaf area index from litter collection and tree data in a deciduous broadleaf forest[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2011, 151:1016-1022
[14]	孙鹏森, 刘世荣, 刘京涛,等. 利用不同分辨率卫星影像的NDVI 数据估算叶面积指数(LAI)——以岷江上游为例[J]. 生态学报, 2006, 26(11): 3826-3834
[15]	Hebert M T, Jack S B. Leaf area index and site water balance of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) across a precipitation gradient in East Texas[J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 1998, 105:273-282
[16]	Molina A J, del Campo A D. The effects of experimental thinning on throughfall and stemflow: A contribution towards hydrology-oriented silviculture in Aleppo pine plantations[J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2012, 269:206-213
[17]	Wasseige C D, Bastin D, Defourny P. Seasonal variation of tropical forest LAI based on field measurements in Central African Republic[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2003, 119:181-194
[18]	张佳华,符淙斌,延晓冬,等.全球植被叶面积指数对温度和降水的响应研究[J]. 地球物理学报, 2002, 45(5):631-638
[19]	郭忠升,邵明安.半干旱区人工林草地土壤旱化与土壤水分植被承载力[J]. 生态学报, 2003, 23(8):1640-1647
[20]	郭忠升,邵明安.雨水资源、土壤水资源与土壤水分植被承载力[J]. 自然资源学报, 2003,18(5):523-528
[21]	熊伟.六盘山北侧主要造林树种耗水特性研究. 北京:中国林业科学研究院, 2003
[22]	Iida S, Tanaka T, Sugita M. Change of evapotranspiration components due to the succession from Japanese red pine to evergreen oak[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2006,326;166-180
[23]	Andersen J, Dybkjaer G, Jensen K H, et al. Use of remotely sensed precipitation and leaf area index in a distributed hydrological model[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2002, 264(1/4):34-50
[24]	王彦辉,熊伟,于澎涛,等.干旱缺水地区森林植被蒸散耗水研究[J]. 中国水土保持科学, 2006, 4 (4): 19-25
[25]	刘建立,王彦辉,于澎涛,等.六盘山叠叠沟小流域典型坡面土壤水分的植被承载力[J]. 植物生态学报, 2009, 33(6):1101-1111
[26]	田有亮,何炎红,郭连生.乌兰布和沙漠东北部土壤水分植被承载力[J]. 林业科学, 2008, 44(9):13-19
[27]	童鸿强,王玉杰,王彦辉,等.六盘山叠叠沟华北落叶松人工林叶面积指数的时空变化特征[J].林业科学研究, 2011, 24(1):13-20
[28]	时忠杰.六盘山香水河小流域森林植被的坡面生态水文影响. 北京:中国林业科学研究院, 2006
[29]	段旭.六盘山地区水文要素坡面变化. 北京:中国林业科学研究院, 2011
[30]	李永宁,张宾兰,秦淑英,等.郁闭度及其测定方法研究与应用[J]. 世界林业研究, 2008, 21(1):40-46
[31]	郝佳,熊伟,王彦辉,等. 华北落叶松人工林叶面积指数实测值与冠层分析仪读数值的比较和动态校正[J]. 林业科学研究, 2012, 25(2):231-235
[32]	Hebert M T, Jack S B. Leaf area index and site water balance of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) across a precipitation gradient in East Texas [J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 1998,105:273-282
[33]	郝佳.宁夏六盘山华北落叶松人工林密度对多功能的影响. 北京:中国林业科学研究院, 2012
[34]	Will R E, Narahari N V, Shiver B D, et al. Effect of planting density on canopy dynamics and stem growth for intensively managed loblolly Pine stands[J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2005,205:29-41
[35]	项文化,林柏,吴迂芳.杉木人工林叶面积指数的变化[J].林业科学, 1997, 33(2):139-142
[36]	陈厦,桑卫国. 暖温带地区3种森林群落叶面积指数和林冠开阔度的季节动态[J]. 植物生态学报, 2007, 31(3):431-436
[37]	Davi H, Baret F, Huc R, et al. Effect of thinning on LAI variance in heterogeneous forests[J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2008, 256:890-899
[38]	朱春全,雷静品,刘晓东,等.不同经营方式下杨树人工林叶面积分布与动态研究[J]. 林业科学, 2001, 37(1):46-51
[39]	苏宏新,白帆,李广起. 3类典型温带山地森林的叶面积指数的季节动态:多种监测方法比较[J]. 植物生态学报, 2012, 36(3):231-242
[40]	常国梁,赵万启,贺康宁,等.青海大通退耕还林工程区的林木耗水特性[J].中国水土保持科学,2005,3(1):58-65

Calculation and Regulation of Forest Stand Density According to Soil Water Carrying Capacity：A Case of Larix principis-rupprechtii Plantation in Liupan Mountains

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通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

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Calculation and Regulation of Forest Stand Density According to Soil Water Carrying Capacity：A Case of Larix principis-rupprechtii Plantation in Liupan Mountains

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