Advances in Reproductive Biology of Acacia

HUANG Lie-jian; ZHAN Ni; LI Jun

Volume 27 Issue 2

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Advances in Reproductive Biology of Acacia

1.
Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, Guangdong, China

Received Date: 2012-11-21

Abstract

About 100 Acacia species have been introduced into China for their considerable economic value. However, many problems have emerged during the operation and management of seed orchard since their introduction. The fact that planters know little about Acacia reproductive biology would make things worse. Therefore, a deep knowledge to the reproductive biology of Acacia is urgently needed. In this paper, the advances in more than half a century's research, including floral morphology, characters and development of anther and pollen, anthesis and pollination, breeding system, were reviewed. And the reasons for low fruit and seed set were discussed as well. Advices for future's study were given in order to manage seed orchard.
- Acacia,
- reproductive biology,

References

[1]	Maslin B R. Introduction to Acacia[C]// Orchards A E, Wilson A J G. Floral of Australia. vols 11A, part 1. Melbourne :CSIRO publishing, 2001: 3-13
[2]	Ross J H. An analysis of the African Acacia species: their distribution, possible origins and relationships [J]. Bothalia, 1981, 13: 389-413
[3]	孙航,陈介.中国金合欢属植物的分类、分布及其区系的起源[J].云南植物研究, 1990,12(3): 255-268
[4]	Huoran W, Yulin F. The history of Acacia introductions to China [C]// Turnbull J W. Advances in tropical Acacia research. Proceeding No. 35. ACIAR (Australia Centre for International Agricultural Research): Canberra, 1991:64-66
[5]	Newman I V. Studies in the Australian Acacia Ⅱ.The life history of Acacia baileyana (F.V.M) part 1. Some ecological and vegetative features, spore production and chromosome number[J]. Linnean Journal of Botany, 1933, 49:145-171
[6]	Newman I V. Studies in the Australian Acacia Ⅳ. The life history of Acacia baileyana (F.V.M) part 2. Gametophytes, fertilization, seed producton and germination, and general conclusion [J]. Proceedings of the Linnean society of new south wales, 1934, 59:277-313
[7]	Newman I V. Studies in the Australian Acacia Ⅲ. Supplementary observations on the habit, carpel, spore production and chromosome of Acacia baileyana F.V.M [J]. Proceedings of the Linnean society of new south wales,1934, 59: 237-251
[8]	Guinet P, Vassal J. Hypotheses on the differentiation of the major group in the genus Acacia (Leguminosae) [J]. Kew Bulletin, 1978, 32: 509-527
[9]	Ford H A, Forde N. Bird as possible pollinators of Acacia pycnantha. [J]. Australian journal of Botany, 1976, 24:793-795
[10]	Kenrick J, Bernhardt P, Marginson R, et al. Pollination-related characteristics in the minosoid legume Acacia terminalis (Leguminosae) [J]. Plant Syst Evol, 1987, 157:49-62
[11]	Kenrick J, Kaul V, Williams E G. Self-incompatibility in Acacia retinodes: site of pollen tube arrest in the nucellus [J]. Planta, 1986, 169: 245-250
[12]	Kenrick J, Knox R B. Function of the polyad in reproduction of Acacia[J]. Annals of Botany, 1982, 50:721-727
[13]	Kenrick J, Knox R B. Pollen development and cytochemistry in some Australian species of Acacia[J]. Australian Journal of Botany, 1979, 27:413-427
[14]	Kenrick J, Knox R B. Pollen-pistil interaction in Leguminosae (Mimosoideae)[C]// Stirton C H, Zarucchi J L. Advances in Legume Biology. Monograph in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden, 1989a, 29:127-156
[15]	Kenrick J, Knox R B. Quantitative analysis of self-incompatibility in trees of seven species of Acacia[J].Journal of Heredity, 1989b, 80:240-245
[16]	Kenrick J, Knox R B. Self-incompatibility in the nitrogen-fixing tree, Acacia retinodes: quantitative cytology of pollen tube growth [J].Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 1985, 69:481-488
[17]	Kenrick J, Knox R B. Structure and histochemistry of the stigma and style of some Australian species of Acacia [J]. Australian Journal of Botany, 1981, 29: 733-745
[18]	Knox R B, Kenrick J. Polyad function in relation to the breeding system of Acacia[C]// Mulcahy D, Ottaviano E. Pollen biology. Elsevier-North Holland: Amsterdam, 1983, 411-417
[19]	Bernhardt P, Kenrick J, Knox R B. Pollination biology and the breeding system of Acacia retinodes (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) [J]. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 1984, 71: 17-29
[20]	Bernhardt P, W. Bee foraging on three sympatric species of Australian Acacia [J]. International Journal of Entomology, 1984, 26:322-330
[21]	Tybirk K. Pollination, breeding system and seed abortion in some African Acacia [J]. Botanical journal of the Linnean society, 1993, 112: 107-137
[22]	Sedgley M, Harbard J, Smith R M, et al. Reproductive biology and interspecific hybridization of Acacia mangium and Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) [J]. Australian Journal of Botany, 1992, 40: 37-48
[23]	Arroyo M T K. Breeding system and pollination biology in leguminosae[C]// Polhill R M, Raven P H. Advance in legume systematics. Richmond, Surrey, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, 1981:723-769
[24]	Tybirk K. Reproductive biology and evolution of the genus Acacia [J]. Bull Intern Group Study Mimosoideae, 1997, 20: 45-53
[25]	Stone G N, Raine N E, Prescott M,et al. Pollination ecology of Acacia (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae) [J]. Australian Systematic Botany, 2003, 16:103-118
[26]	Ibrahim Z, Awang K. Comparison of floral morphology, flower production and pollen yieild of Acacia manguium and Acacia auriculiformis[C]// Turnbull J W. Advances in tropical acacia research. Proceeding No. 35. Thailand: ACIAR, 1991:26-29
[27]	Tybirk K. Flowering, pollination and seed production of Acacia nilotica[J]. Nordic Journal of Botany, 1989, 9: 375-381
[28]	Aronson J. Evolution biology of Acacia caven (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae): infraspecific variation in fruit and seed character [J]. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 1992, 79: 958-968
[29]	Baranelli J L, Cocucci A A, Anton A M. Reproductive biology in Acacia caven (Mol.) Mol.(Leguminosae) in the central region of Argentina [J]. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 1995, 119: 65-76
[30]	Kenrick J. Review of pollen-pistil interaction and their relevance to reproductive biology of Acacia[J]. Australian systematic botany, 2003, 16:119-130
[31]	Sornsathapornkul P, Owens J N. Pollination Biology in a Tropical Acacia Hybrid (A.mangium×A.auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth.) [J]. Annals of botany, 1998, 81:631-645
[32]	Tandon R, Shivanna K R. Pollination biology and breeding system of Acacia senegal[J]. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2001,135:251-262
[33]	Heslop-Harrison Y. Stigma characteristics and angiosperm taxonomy [J]. Nordic Journal of Botany, 1981, 1:401-420
[34]	Moncur M W, Moran G F, Grant J E. Factors limiting seed production in Acacia mearnsii[C]// Turnbull J W. Advances in tropical acacia research. Thailand: ACIAR(Australia Centre for International Agricultural Research: Canberra), 1991, 35: 64-66
[35]	Fitzgerald M A, Calder D M, Knox R B. Character States of Development and Initiation of Cohesion between Compound Pollen Grains of Acacia paradoxa[J]. Annals of Botany, 1993, 71:51-59
[36]	Guinet P. Geographic patterns of the main pollen characters in the genus Acacia (Leguminosae), with particular reference to subgenus Phyllodineae[C]// Blackmore S, Ferguson I K. Pollen Symposium Series. London: Academic press, 1986, 12: 297-311
[37]	Guinet P. Mimosoideae: the characters of the pollen grains[C]// Polhill R M, Raven P H. Advance in legume Systematics. Part 2. KEW: Royal Botanic Gardens, 1981: 835-855
[38]	Konx R B, McConchie C A. Structure and function of compound pollen //: Blackmore S, Ferguson I K. Pollen and spores: form and function. London: Academic press, 1986:265-285
[39]	Pacini E. From anther and pollen ripening to pollen presentation [J].Plant Syst Evol, 2000, 222:19-43
[40]	Corbet S A, Chapman H, Saville N. Vibratory pollen collection and flower form: bumble bees on Actinidia, Symphytum, Borago and Polygonatum[J]. Functional Ecology, 1988, 2:147-155
[41]	Raju A J S, Rao S P. Pollination ecology and fruiting behaviour in Acacia sinuata (Lour.)Merr. (Mimosaceae), a valuable non-timber forest plant species [J]. Research Communications, 2002, 82(12): 1466-1471
[42]	Stone G, Willmer P, Nee S. Daily partitioning of pollinators in an African Acacia community [J]. Proc R Soc Lond B, 1996, 263: 1389-1393
[43]	Willmer P G, Stone G N. Ant deterrence in Acacia flowers: how aggressive ant-guards assist seed-set [J]. Nature, 1997, 388:165-167
[44]	Raine N E, Willmer P,Stone G N. Spatial structuring and floral avoidance behavior prevent ant-pollinator conflict in a Mexican ant-acacia[J]. Ecology, 2002, 83(11): 3086-3096
[45]	Wagner D. Pollen viability reduction as a potential cost of ant association for Acacia constricta (Fabaceae) [J]. American Journal of Botany, 2000, 87(5): 711-715
[46]	Rathcke B. Competition and facilitation among plants for pollination[C]// Real L. pollination biology. New York: Academic Press, 1983: 305-329
[47]	Rathcke B. Flowering phenologies in a shrub community: competition and constraints [J]. J Ecol, 1988, 76:975-994
[48]	Stone G N, Willmer P G, Rowe J A. Partitioning of pollination during flowing in an African Acacia community [J]. Ecology, 1998, 79(8): 2808-2827
[49]	Moran G F, Muona O, Bell J C. Acacia mangium: a tropical forest tree of the coastal lowlands with low genetic diversity [J]. Evolution, 1989a, 43: 231-235
[50]	Muona O, Moran G F, Bell J C. Hierarchical patterns of correlated mating in Acacia melanoxylon[J].Genetics, 1991, 127: 619-626
[51]	Moran G F, Muona O, Bell J C. Breeding systems and genetic diversity in Acacia auriculiformis and A. crassicarpa[J]. Biotropica, 1989b, 21: 250-256
[52]	Casiva P V, Vilardi J C, Cialdella A M, et al. Mating system and population structure of Acacia aroma and A. macracantha (Fabaceae) [J]. American Journal of Botany, 2004, 91(1): 58-64
[53]	Millar M A, Byrne M, Nuberg I, et al. High outcrossing and random pollen dispersal in a planted stand of Acacia saligna subsp. Saligna revealed by paternity analysis using microsatellites [J].Tree Genetics & Genomes, 2008, 4: 367-377
[54]	Mandal A K, Ennon R A,Fagg C W. Mating system analysis in a natural population of Acacia nilotica subspecies leiocarpa [J]. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 1994, 89: 931-935
[55]	Bawa K S. Breeding systems of three species of a lowland tropical community [J]. Evolution, 1974, 28: 85-92
[56]	Zapata T R, Arroyo M T K. Plant reproductive ecology of a secondary deciduous tropical forest in Venezuela [J]. Biotropica, 1978, 10: 221-230
[57]	Philp J, Sherry S P. The degree of natural crossing in Green Wattle (A. decurrens Willd.) and its bearing on Wattle breeding [J]. J S Afr For Assoc, 1946, 14: 1-28
[58]	Moffett A A, Nixon F M. The effects of self-fertilization on green wattle (Acacia decurrens Willd.) and black wattle (A. mearnsii De Wild.) [J]. Wattle Res Inst Rep, 1974, 74: 66-84
[59]	Simpson B B. Breeding system of dominant perennial plants of two disjunct warm desert ecosystems [J]. Oecologia, 1977, 27: 203-226
[60]	Hocking B.Insect association with the swollen thron acacia [J]. Trans Roy Entomol Soc London, 1970, 122: 211-255
[61]	任海,彭少麟.大叶相思的生态生物学特征[J].广西植物,1998,18 (2):146-152
[62]	Bawa K S,Webb C J. Flower, fruit and seed abortion in tropical forest trees: implications for the evolution of paternal and maternal reproductive patterns [J]. American Journal of Botany, 1984, 71: 736-751

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通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

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沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142

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Advances in Reproductive Biology of Acacia

1. Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, Guangdong, China

Received Date: 2012-11-21

Abstract: About 100 Acacia species have been introduced into China for their considerable economic value. However, many problems have emerged during the operation and management of seed orchard since their introduction. The fact that planters know little about Acacia reproductive biology would make things worse. Therefore, a deep knowledge to the reproductive biology of Acacia is urgently needed. In this paper, the advances in more than half a century's research, including floral morphology, characters and development of anther and pollen, anthesis and pollination, breeding system, were reviewed. And the reasons for low fruit and seed set were discussed as well. Advices for future's study were given in order to manage seed orchard.

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Reference (62)

[1]	Maslin B R. Introduction to Acacia[C]// Orchards A E, Wilson A J G. Floral of Australia. vols 11A, part 1. Melbourne :CSIRO publishing, 2001: 3-13
[2]	Ross J H. An analysis of the African Acacia species: their distribution, possible origins and relationships [J]. Bothalia, 1981, 13: 389-413
[3]	孙航,陈介.中国金合欢属植物的分类、分布及其区系的起源[J].云南植物研究, 1990,12(3): 255-268
[4]	Huoran W, Yulin F. The history of Acacia introductions to China [C]// Turnbull J W. Advances in tropical Acacia research. Proceeding No. 35. ACIAR (Australia Centre for International Agricultural Research): Canberra, 1991:64-66
[5]	Newman I V. Studies in the Australian Acacia Ⅱ.The life history of Acacia baileyana (F.V.M) part 1. Some ecological and vegetative features, spore production and chromosome number[J]. Linnean Journal of Botany, 1933, 49:145-171
[6]	Newman I V. Studies in the Australian Acacia Ⅳ. The life history of Acacia baileyana (F.V.M) part 2. Gametophytes, fertilization, seed producton and germination, and general conclusion [J]. Proceedings of the Linnean society of new south wales, 1934, 59:277-313
[7]	Newman I V. Studies in the Australian Acacia Ⅲ. Supplementary observations on the habit, carpel, spore production and chromosome of Acacia baileyana F.V.M [J]. Proceedings of the Linnean society of new south wales,1934, 59: 237-251
[8]	Guinet P, Vassal J. Hypotheses on the differentiation of the major group in the genus Acacia (Leguminosae) [J]. Kew Bulletin, 1978, 32: 509-527
[9]	Ford H A, Forde N. Bird as possible pollinators of Acacia pycnantha. [J]. Australian journal of Botany, 1976, 24:793-795
[10]	Kenrick J, Bernhardt P, Marginson R, et al. Pollination-related characteristics in the minosoid legume Acacia terminalis (Leguminosae) [J]. Plant Syst Evol, 1987, 157:49-62
[11]	Kenrick J, Kaul V, Williams E G. Self-incompatibility in Acacia retinodes: site of pollen tube arrest in the nucellus [J]. Planta, 1986, 169: 245-250
[12]	Kenrick J, Knox R B. Function of the polyad in reproduction of Acacia[J]. Annals of Botany, 1982, 50:721-727
[13]	Kenrick J, Knox R B. Pollen development and cytochemistry in some Australian species of Acacia[J]. Australian Journal of Botany, 1979, 27:413-427
[14]	Kenrick J, Knox R B. Pollen-pistil interaction in Leguminosae (Mimosoideae)[C]// Stirton C H, Zarucchi J L. Advances in Legume Biology. Monograph in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden, 1989a, 29:127-156
[15]	Kenrick J, Knox R B. Quantitative analysis of self-incompatibility in trees of seven species of Acacia[J].Journal of Heredity, 1989b, 80:240-245
[16]	Kenrick J, Knox R B. Self-incompatibility in the nitrogen-fixing tree, Acacia retinodes: quantitative cytology of pollen tube growth [J].Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 1985, 69:481-488
[17]	Kenrick J, Knox R B. Structure and histochemistry of the stigma and style of some Australian species of Acacia [J]. Australian Journal of Botany, 1981, 29: 733-745
[18]	Knox R B, Kenrick J. Polyad function in relation to the breeding system of Acacia[C]// Mulcahy D, Ottaviano E. Pollen biology. Elsevier-North Holland: Amsterdam, 1983, 411-417
[19]	Bernhardt P, Kenrick J, Knox R B. Pollination biology and the breeding system of Acacia retinodes (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) [J]. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 1984, 71: 17-29
[20]	Bernhardt P, W. Bee foraging on three sympatric species of Australian Acacia [J]. International Journal of Entomology, 1984, 26:322-330
[21]	Tybirk K. Pollination, breeding system and seed abortion in some African Acacia [J]. Botanical journal of the Linnean society, 1993, 112: 107-137
[22]	Sedgley M, Harbard J, Smith R M, et al. Reproductive biology and interspecific hybridization of Acacia mangium and Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) [J]. Australian Journal of Botany, 1992, 40: 37-48
[23]	Arroyo M T K. Breeding system and pollination biology in leguminosae[C]// Polhill R M, Raven P H. Advance in legume systematics. Richmond, Surrey, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, 1981:723-769
[24]	Tybirk K. Reproductive biology and evolution of the genus Acacia [J]. Bull Intern Group Study Mimosoideae, 1997, 20: 45-53
[25]	Stone G N, Raine N E, Prescott M,et al. Pollination ecology of Acacia (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae) [J]. Australian Systematic Botany, 2003, 16:103-118
[26]	Ibrahim Z, Awang K. Comparison of floral morphology, flower production and pollen yieild of Acacia manguium and Acacia auriculiformis[C]// Turnbull J W. Advances in tropical acacia research. Proceeding No. 35. Thailand: ACIAR, 1991:26-29
[27]	Tybirk K. Flowering, pollination and seed production of Acacia nilotica[J]. Nordic Journal of Botany, 1989, 9: 375-381
[28]	Aronson J. Evolution biology of Acacia caven (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae): infraspecific variation in fruit and seed character [J]. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 1992, 79: 958-968
[29]	Baranelli J L, Cocucci A A, Anton A M. Reproductive biology in Acacia caven (Mol.) Mol.(Leguminosae) in the central region of Argentina [J]. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 1995, 119: 65-76
[30]	Kenrick J. Review of pollen-pistil interaction and their relevance to reproductive biology of Acacia[J]. Australian systematic botany, 2003, 16:119-130
[31]	Sornsathapornkul P, Owens J N. Pollination Biology in a Tropical Acacia Hybrid (A.mangium×A.auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth.) [J]. Annals of botany, 1998, 81:631-645
[32]	Tandon R, Shivanna K R. Pollination biology and breeding system of Acacia senegal[J]. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2001,135:251-262
[33]	Heslop-Harrison Y. Stigma characteristics and angiosperm taxonomy [J]. Nordic Journal of Botany, 1981, 1:401-420
[34]	Moncur M W, Moran G F, Grant J E. Factors limiting seed production in Acacia mearnsii[C]// Turnbull J W. Advances in tropical acacia research. Thailand: ACIAR(Australia Centre for International Agricultural Research: Canberra), 1991, 35: 64-66
[35]	Fitzgerald M A, Calder D M, Knox R B. Character States of Development and Initiation of Cohesion between Compound Pollen Grains of Acacia paradoxa[J]. Annals of Botany, 1993, 71:51-59
[36]	Guinet P. Geographic patterns of the main pollen characters in the genus Acacia (Leguminosae), with particular reference to subgenus Phyllodineae[C]// Blackmore S, Ferguson I K. Pollen Symposium Series. London: Academic press, 1986, 12: 297-311
[37]	Guinet P. Mimosoideae: the characters of the pollen grains[C]// Polhill R M, Raven P H. Advance in legume Systematics. Part 2. KEW: Royal Botanic Gardens, 1981: 835-855
[38]	Konx R B, McConchie C A. Structure and function of compound pollen //: Blackmore S, Ferguson I K. Pollen and spores: form and function. London: Academic press, 1986:265-285
[39]	Pacini E. From anther and pollen ripening to pollen presentation [J].Plant Syst Evol, 2000, 222:19-43
[40]	Corbet S A, Chapman H, Saville N. Vibratory pollen collection and flower form: bumble bees on Actinidia, Symphytum, Borago and Polygonatum[J]. Functional Ecology, 1988, 2:147-155
[41]	Raju A J S, Rao S P. Pollination ecology and fruiting behaviour in Acacia sinuata (Lour.)Merr. (Mimosaceae), a valuable non-timber forest plant species [J]. Research Communications, 2002, 82(12): 1466-1471
[42]	Stone G, Willmer P, Nee S. Daily partitioning of pollinators in an African Acacia community [J]. Proc R Soc Lond B, 1996, 263: 1389-1393
[43]	Willmer P G, Stone G N. Ant deterrence in Acacia flowers: how aggressive ant-guards assist seed-set [J]. Nature, 1997, 388:165-167
[44]	Raine N E, Willmer P,Stone G N. Spatial structuring and floral avoidance behavior prevent ant-pollinator conflict in a Mexican ant-acacia[J]. Ecology, 2002, 83(11): 3086-3096
[45]	Wagner D. Pollen viability reduction as a potential cost of ant association for Acacia constricta (Fabaceae) [J]. American Journal of Botany, 2000, 87(5): 711-715
[46]	Rathcke B. Competition and facilitation among plants for pollination[C]// Real L. pollination biology. New York: Academic Press, 1983: 305-329
[47]	Rathcke B. Flowering phenologies in a shrub community: competition and constraints [J]. J Ecol, 1988, 76:975-994
[48]	Stone G N, Willmer P G, Rowe J A. Partitioning of pollination during flowing in an African Acacia community [J]. Ecology, 1998, 79(8): 2808-2827
[49]	Moran G F, Muona O, Bell J C. Acacia mangium: a tropical forest tree of the coastal lowlands with low genetic diversity [J]. Evolution, 1989a, 43: 231-235
[50]	Muona O, Moran G F, Bell J C. Hierarchical patterns of correlated mating in Acacia melanoxylon[J].Genetics, 1991, 127: 619-626
[51]	Moran G F, Muona O, Bell J C. Breeding systems and genetic diversity in Acacia auriculiformis and A. crassicarpa[J]. Biotropica, 1989b, 21: 250-256
[52]	Casiva P V, Vilardi J C, Cialdella A M, et al. Mating system and population structure of Acacia aroma and A. macracantha (Fabaceae) [J]. American Journal of Botany, 2004, 91(1): 58-64
[53]	Millar M A, Byrne M, Nuberg I, et al. High outcrossing and random pollen dispersal in a planted stand of Acacia saligna subsp. Saligna revealed by paternity analysis using microsatellites [J].Tree Genetics & Genomes, 2008, 4: 367-377
[54]	Mandal A K, Ennon R A,Fagg C W. Mating system analysis in a natural population of Acacia nilotica subspecies leiocarpa [J]. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 1994, 89: 931-935
[55]	Bawa K S. Breeding systems of three species of a lowland tropical community [J]. Evolution, 1974, 28: 85-92
[56]	Zapata T R, Arroyo M T K. Plant reproductive ecology of a secondary deciduous tropical forest in Venezuela [J]. Biotropica, 1978, 10: 221-230
[57]	Philp J, Sherry S P. The degree of natural crossing in Green Wattle (A. decurrens Willd.) and its bearing on Wattle breeding [J]. J S Afr For Assoc, 1946, 14: 1-28
[58]	Moffett A A, Nixon F M. The effects of self-fertilization on green wattle (Acacia decurrens Willd.) and black wattle (A. mearnsii De Wild.) [J]. Wattle Res Inst Rep, 1974, 74: 66-84
[59]	Simpson B B. Breeding system of dominant perennial plants of two disjunct warm desert ecosystems [J]. Oecologia, 1977, 27: 203-226
[60]	Hocking B.Insect association with the swollen thron acacia [J]. Trans Roy Entomol Soc London, 1970, 122: 211-255
[61]	任海,彭少麟.大叶相思的生态生物学特征[J].广西植物,1998,18 (2):146-152
[62]	Bawa K S,Webb C J. Flower, fruit and seed abortion in tropical forest trees: implications for the evolution of paternal and maternal reproductive patterns [J]. American Journal of Botany, 1984, 71: 736-751

Advances in Reproductive Biology of Acacia

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