Microclimate Variation of Forest Gaps and Uprooted Microsites in Windthrow Area of Spruce-fir Forest

WANG Jin-ling; DUAN Wen-biao; CHEN Li-xin; WANG Ting; JING Xin; WEI Quan-shuai; DU Shan; ZHAO Ying

Volume 28 Issue 2

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Microclimate Variation of Forest Gaps and Uprooted Microsites in Windthrow Area of Spruce-fir Forest

1.
College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, China
2.
Construction Department, Vocational and Technical College, Dazhou 635000, Sichuan, China

Received Date: 2014-06-16

Abstract

Three representative large, medium, and small forest gaps with pit and mound microsites formed by uprooted trees were selected within 1.5 hm2 sample plot in windthrow area of spruce-fir forest in Liangshui National Nature Reserve in Xiaoxing'anling Mountains. HOBO automatic weather stations were installed in the center of each gap. The total radiation, PAR, air temperature and relative humidity in the gap center, mound top and pit bottom of different gaps were measured between July and September, 2013, and the clearing and closed forest were set up as controls. The differences of microclimate and its dynamics change during the growing season among different gaps, as well as the mound top and pit bottom within the gaps were analyzed. The results showed that the total radiation, PAR and air temperature in the center of each gap were in the order of large gap > medium gap > small gap. In the same gap, the total radiation, PAR and air temperature on the mound top were higher than those in the pit bottom, but the air relative humidity was lower at the mound top than at the pit bottom. The monthly mean air temperature and PAR ranked in a decreasing order of July, August, and September, and mostly decreased in the order of clearing, large, medium, small and closed forest from July to September, but the air temperature of small gap was higher than that in the medium gap in September only. In the same gap, the mean daily range of air temperature ranked in a decreasing order of July, August, and September. On the same microsite (gap center, mound top, pit bottom), the mean daily range of air temperature was in a decreasing order of large gap, middle gap, and small gap. On the same month, the mean daily range of air temperature was higher on the mound top than that in the pit bottom. The mean relative humidity in all gaps decreased in the order of August, September, and July, increased in the order of clearing, large gap, medium gap, small gap, and the closed stand. The total radiation and PAR of large gap in July were significantly different compared with that in August and September. The total radiation and PAR of different-sized gaps were not significant different in September. The relative humidity in the center of large gap and the small gap from July to September were significantly different. In the same month, the differences of PAR, air relative humidity between the mound top and the pit bottom in the same gap were significant, but the differences of air temperature was not significant. Significant difference was observed in the air relative humidity, while the difference of air temperature was not significant. Whether in the same gaps or on the mound top and pit bottom, the difference of air temperature were significant.
- Xiaoxing'anling Mountains,
- spruce-fir forest,
- windthrow area,
- microsite,
- mound top,
- pit bottom,
- microclimate

References

[1]	Schelhaas M J, Nabuurs G J, Schuck A. Natural disturbances in the European forests in the 19th and 20th centuries[J]. Global Change Biology,2003,9:1620-1633.
[2]	Schlyter P, Stjernquist I, Bärring L, et al. Assessment of the impacts of climate change and weather extremes on boreal forests in northern Europe, focusing on Norway spruce[J]. Climate Research,2006,31:75-84.
[3]	Ruel J C. Factors influencing windthrow in balsam fir forests: from landscape studies to individual tree studies[J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2000,135:169-178.
[4]	Everham E M, Brokaw N V L. Forest damage and recovery from catastrophic wind[J]. The Botanical Review,1996,62:113-185.
[5]	Ennos A R. Wind as an ecological factor[J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,1997,12:108-111.
[6]	Ilisson T, Metslaid M, Vodde F, et al. Storm disturbance in forest ecosystems in Estonia[J]. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research,2005,20:88-93.
[7]	Whitmore T C. Canopy gaps and the two major groups of forest trees[J]. Ecology,1989,70:536-538.
[8]	Schliemann S A, Bockheim J G. Methods for studying treefall gaps: a review[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2011,261: 1143-1151.
[9]	Chazdon R L, Pearcy R W. The importance of sunflecks for forest understory plants[J]. Biology Science,1991,41(11):760-766.
[10]	宋新章,肖文发. 林隙微生境及更新研究进展[J]. 林业科学,2006,42(5):114-119.
[11]	张春雨,高露双,赵秀海. 林隙微环境异质性及物种更新响应研究进展[J]. 河北林果研究,2006,21(2):162-166.
[12]	Schaetzl R J, Burns S F, Johnson D L, et al. Tree uprooting: review of impacts on forest ecology[J]. Vegetatio,1988,79: 165-176.
[13]	Ma S Y, Concilio A, Oakley B, et al. Spatial variability in microclimate in a mixed-conifer forest before and after thinning and burning treatments[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2010,259:904-915.
[14]	张一平,窦军霞,马友鑫,等. 热带季节雨林林窗小气候要素时空分布特征[J]. 福建林学院学报,2002,22(1):42-46.
[15]	张一平,窦军霞,马友鑫,等. 热带季节雨林林窗不同热力作用面的热力特征[J]. 中南林学院学报,2001,21(4):68-72.
[16]	张一平,马友鑫,刘玉洪,等. 哀牢山北部常绿阔叶林林窗小气候空间分布特征[J]. 北京林业大学学报,2001,23(4):80- 83.
[17]	张一平,王进欣,刘玉洪,等. 热带次生林林窗干热季光照特征初步分析[J]. 广西植物,2001,21(1):1-8.
[18]	刘少冲,段文标,冯静,等. 林隙对小兴安岭阔叶红松林树种更新及物种多样性的影响[J]. 应用生态学报,2011,22(6):1381-1388.
[19]	Ulanova N G. The effects of windthrow on forest at different spatial scales: a review[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2000,135:155-167.
[20]	Stephens E P. The uprooting of trees: a forest process[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1956,20:113-116.
[21]	Clinton B D, Baker C R. Catastrophic windthrow in the southern Appalachians: characteristics of pits and mounds and initial vegetation responses[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2000,16:51-60.
[22]	臧润国. 林隙更新动态研究进展[J]. 生态学杂志,1998,17(2):50-58.
[23]	Henry J D, Swan J M A. Reconstructing forest history from live and dead plant material-an approach to the study of forest succession in southwest New Hampshire[J]. Ecology,1974,55:772-783.
[24]	Vodde F, Jogiste K, Gruson L, et al. Regeneration in windthrow areas in hemiboreal forests: the influence of microsite on the height growths of different tree species[J]. Journal of Forest Research,2010,15:55-64.
[25]	李猛, 段文标, 陈立新. 红松阔叶混交林林隙光量子通量密度、气温和空气相对湿度的时空分布格局[J]. 应用生态学报报,2009,20(12):2853-2860.
[26]	冯静, 段文标, 陈立新. 阔叶红松混交林林隙大小和林隙内位置对小气候的影响[J]. 应用生态学报,2012,23(7):1758-1766.
[27]	段文标, 杜珊, 陈立新, 等. 阔叶红松混交林林隙大小和掘根微立地对小气候的影响[J]. 应用生态学报,2013,24(8):2097-2105.
[28]	Runkle, J R. Gap regeneration in some old-growth forests of the Eastern United-States[J]. Ecology,1981,62:1041-1051.
[29]	孙金伟,吴家兵,关德新,等. 森林与空旷地空气温湿度及土壤温度的长期对比研究[J]. 生态学杂志,2011,30(12):2685-2691.
[30]	Copper W S. The climax forest of Isle Royale, Lake Superior, and its development[J]. Botanical Gazette,1913,55:189-235.
[31]	Samonil P, Antolikl L,Svoboda M, et al. Dynamics of windthrow events in a natural fir-beech forest in the Carpathian mountains[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2009,275(10):1148-1156.
[32]	Taskinen O, Llvesniemi H, Kuuluvainen T. Response of fine roots to an experimental gap in a boreal piceaabies forest[J]. Plant and Soil,2003,255:503-512.
[33]	李云,郑德璋,廖宝文,等. 盐度与温度对红树植物无瓣海桑种子发芽的影响[J]. 林业科学研究,1997,10(2):137-142.
[34]	Geiger R. The Climate Near the Ground[M]. Cambridge,Mass,1965.611 pp.
[35]	Morecroft M D, Taylor M E, Oliver H R. Air and soil microclimates of deciduous woodland compared to an open site[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1998,90:141-156.
[36]	段文标,王晶,李岩. 红松阔叶混交林不同大小林隙小气候特征[J]. 应用生态学报,2008,19(12):2561-2566.
[37]	魏全帅,王敬华,段文标,等. 红松阔叶混交林不同大小林隙内丘坑复合体微气候动态变化[J]. 应用生态学报,2014,25(3):702-710.
[38]	Carlson D W, Groot A. Microclimate of clear-cut, forest interior, and small openings in trembling aspen forest[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1997,87:313-329.
[39]	陶建平,臧润国. 海南霸王岭热带山地雨林林隙幼苗库动态规律研究[J]. 林业科学,2004,40(3):34-38.
[40]	段文标, 王丽霞, 陈立新, 等. 红松阔叶混交林林隙大小及光照对草本植物的影响[J]. 应用生态学报,2013,24(3):614-620.
[41]	范兴海,黄寿波.我国农林系统小气候研究概述[J]. 林业科学研究,2000,13(2):197-202.

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通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

1.
沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142

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Microclimate Variation of Forest Gaps and Uprooted Microsites in Windthrow Area of Spruce-fir Forest

1. College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, China

2. Construction Department, Vocational and Technical College, Dazhou 635000, Sichuan, China

Received Date: 2014-06-16

Abstract: Three representative large, medium, and small forest gaps with pit and mound microsites formed by uprooted trees were selected within 1.5 hm2 sample plot in windthrow area of spruce-fir forest in Liangshui National Nature Reserve in Xiaoxing'anling Mountains. HOBO automatic weather stations were installed in the center of each gap. The total radiation, PAR, air temperature and relative humidity in the gap center, mound top and pit bottom of different gaps were measured between July and September, 2013, and the clearing and closed forest were set up as controls. The differences of microclimate and its dynamics change during the growing season among different gaps, as well as the mound top and pit bottom within the gaps were analyzed. The results showed that the total radiation, PAR and air temperature in the center of each gap were in the order of large gap > medium gap > small gap. In the same gap, the total radiation, PAR and air temperature on the mound top were higher than those in the pit bottom, but the air relative humidity was lower at the mound top than at the pit bottom. The monthly mean air temperature and PAR ranked in a decreasing order of July, August, and September, and mostly decreased in the order of clearing, large, medium, small and closed forest from July to September, but the air temperature of small gap was higher than that in the medium gap in September only. In the same gap, the mean daily range of air temperature ranked in a decreasing order of July, August, and September. On the same microsite (gap center, mound top, pit bottom), the mean daily range of air temperature was in a decreasing order of large gap, middle gap, and small gap. On the same month, the mean daily range of air temperature was higher on the mound top than that in the pit bottom. The mean relative humidity in all gaps decreased in the order of August, September, and July, increased in the order of clearing, large gap, medium gap, small gap, and the closed stand. The total radiation and PAR of large gap in July were significantly different compared with that in August and September. The total radiation and PAR of different-sized gaps were not significant different in September. The relative humidity in the center of large gap and the small gap from July to September were significantly different. In the same month, the differences of PAR, air relative humidity between the mound top and the pit bottom in the same gap were significant, but the differences of air temperature was not significant. Significant difference was observed in the air relative humidity, while the difference of air temperature was not significant. Whether in the same gaps or on the mound top and pit bottom, the difference of air temperature were significant.

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Reference (41)

[1]	Schelhaas M J, Nabuurs G J, Schuck A. Natural disturbances in the European forests in the 19th and 20th centuries[J]. Global Change Biology,2003,9:1620-1633.
[2]	Schlyter P, Stjernquist I, Bärring L, et al. Assessment of the impacts of climate change and weather extremes on boreal forests in northern Europe, focusing on Norway spruce[J]. Climate Research,2006,31:75-84.
[3]	Ruel J C. Factors influencing windthrow in balsam fir forests: from landscape studies to individual tree studies[J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2000,135:169-178.
[4]	Everham E M, Brokaw N V L. Forest damage and recovery from catastrophic wind[J]. The Botanical Review,1996,62:113-185.
[5]	Ennos A R. Wind as an ecological factor[J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,1997,12:108-111.
[6]	Ilisson T, Metslaid M, Vodde F, et al. Storm disturbance in forest ecosystems in Estonia[J]. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research,2005,20:88-93.
[7]	Whitmore T C. Canopy gaps and the two major groups of forest trees[J]. Ecology,1989,70:536-538.
[8]	Schliemann S A, Bockheim J G. Methods for studying treefall gaps: a review[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2011,261: 1143-1151.
[9]	Chazdon R L, Pearcy R W. The importance of sunflecks for forest understory plants[J]. Biology Science,1991,41(11):760-766.
[10]	宋新章,肖文发. 林隙微生境及更新研究进展[J]. 林业科学,2006,42(5):114-119.
[11]	张春雨,高露双,赵秀海. 林隙微环境异质性及物种更新响应研究进展[J]. 河北林果研究,2006,21(2):162-166.
[12]	Schaetzl R J, Burns S F, Johnson D L, et al. Tree uprooting: review of impacts on forest ecology[J]. Vegetatio,1988,79: 165-176.
[13]	Ma S Y, Concilio A, Oakley B, et al. Spatial variability in microclimate in a mixed-conifer forest before and after thinning and burning treatments[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2010,259:904-915.
[14]	张一平,窦军霞,马友鑫,等. 热带季节雨林林窗小气候要素时空分布特征[J]. 福建林学院学报,2002,22(1):42-46.
[15]	张一平,窦军霞,马友鑫,等. 热带季节雨林林窗不同热力作用面的热力特征[J]. 中南林学院学报,2001,21(4):68-72.
[16]	张一平,马友鑫,刘玉洪,等. 哀牢山北部常绿阔叶林林窗小气候空间分布特征[J]. 北京林业大学学报,2001,23(4):80- 83.
[17]	张一平,王进欣,刘玉洪,等. 热带次生林林窗干热季光照特征初步分析[J]. 广西植物,2001,21(1):1-8.
[18]	刘少冲,段文标,冯静,等. 林隙对小兴安岭阔叶红松林树种更新及物种多样性的影响[J]. 应用生态学报,2011,22(6):1381-1388.
[19]	Ulanova N G. The effects of windthrow on forest at different spatial scales: a review[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2000,135:155-167.
[20]	Stephens E P. The uprooting of trees: a forest process[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1956,20:113-116.
[21]	Clinton B D, Baker C R. Catastrophic windthrow in the southern Appalachians: characteristics of pits and mounds and initial vegetation responses[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2000,16:51-60.
[22]	臧润国. 林隙更新动态研究进展[J]. 生态学杂志,1998,17(2):50-58.
[23]	Henry J D, Swan J M A. Reconstructing forest history from live and dead plant material-an approach to the study of forest succession in southwest New Hampshire[J]. Ecology,1974,55:772-783.
[24]	Vodde F, Jogiste K, Gruson L, et al. Regeneration in windthrow areas in hemiboreal forests: the influence of microsite on the height growths of different tree species[J]. Journal of Forest Research,2010,15:55-64.
[25]	李猛, 段文标, 陈立新. 红松阔叶混交林林隙光量子通量密度、气温和空气相对湿度的时空分布格局[J]. 应用生态学报报,2009,20(12):2853-2860.
[26]	冯静, 段文标, 陈立新. 阔叶红松混交林林隙大小和林隙内位置对小气候的影响[J]. 应用生态学报,2012,23(7):1758-1766.
[27]	段文标, 杜珊, 陈立新, 等. 阔叶红松混交林林隙大小和掘根微立地对小气候的影响[J]. 应用生态学报,2013,24(8):2097-2105.
[28]	Runkle, J R. Gap regeneration in some old-growth forests of the Eastern United-States[J]. Ecology,1981,62:1041-1051.
[29]	孙金伟,吴家兵,关德新,等. 森林与空旷地空气温湿度及土壤温度的长期对比研究[J]. 生态学杂志,2011,30(12):2685-2691.
[30]	Copper W S. The climax forest of Isle Royale, Lake Superior, and its development[J]. Botanical Gazette,1913,55:189-235.
[31]	Samonil P, Antolikl L,Svoboda M, et al. Dynamics of windthrow events in a natural fir-beech forest in the Carpathian mountains[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2009,275(10):1148-1156.
[32]	Taskinen O, Llvesniemi H, Kuuluvainen T. Response of fine roots to an experimental gap in a boreal piceaabies forest[J]. Plant and Soil,2003,255:503-512.
[33]	李云,郑德璋,廖宝文,等. 盐度与温度对红树植物无瓣海桑种子发芽的影响[J]. 林业科学研究,1997,10(2):137-142.
[34]	Geiger R. The Climate Near the Ground[M]. Cambridge,Mass,1965.611 pp.
[35]	Morecroft M D, Taylor M E, Oliver H R. Air and soil microclimates of deciduous woodland compared to an open site[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1998,90:141-156.
[36]	段文标,王晶,李岩. 红松阔叶混交林不同大小林隙小气候特征[J]. 应用生态学报,2008,19(12):2561-2566.
[37]	魏全帅,王敬华,段文标,等. 红松阔叶混交林不同大小林隙内丘坑复合体微气候动态变化[J]. 应用生态学报,2014,25(3):702-710.
[38]	Carlson D W, Groot A. Microclimate of clear-cut, forest interior, and small openings in trembling aspen forest[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1997,87:313-329.
[39]	陶建平,臧润国. 海南霸王岭热带山地雨林林隙幼苗库动态规律研究[J]. 林业科学,2004,40(3):34-38.
[40]	段文标, 王丽霞, 陈立新, 等. 红松阔叶混交林林隙大小及光照对草本植物的影响[J]. 应用生态学报,2013,24(3):614-620.
[41]	范兴海,黄寿波.我国农林系统小气候研究概述[J]. 林业科学研究,2000,13(2):197-202.

Microclimate Variation of Forest Gaps and Uprooted Microsites in Windthrow Area of Spruce-fir Forest

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References

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通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

Proportional views

Microclimate Variation of Forest Gaps and Uprooted Microsites in Windthrow Area of Spruce-fir Forest

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