Effects of Coordinate Rotation on Precision of Heat and Latent Fluxes Estimating in Farmland Shelterbelts

ZHENG Ning; ZHANG Jin-song; MENG Ping; LI Yan-quan; HUANG Hui

Volume 28 Issue 4

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Effects of Coordinate Rotation on Precision of Heat and Latent Fluxes Estimating in Farmland Shelterbelts

1.
Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, State Forestry Administration, Beijing 100091, China
2.
Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China

Received Date: 2015-02-10

Abstract

The nearby farmland surface atmospheric motion forms the unique kinetic and thermodynamic effects by the special structure of shelterbelt. The unique effects contribute to the surrounding material and energy exchange process, so the selection of coordinate rotation method is the key to improve the accuracy of shelterbelts flux. This paper focuses on the effect of coordinate system on the eddy fluxes. Based on the data observed over the farmland shelterbelts in North China from March 9 to May 7 in 2012, the effects of two coordinate system transforming methods (Double Rotation-DR, and Planar Fit-PF) on the turbulent fluxes were analyzed with the key parameters of the turbulence characteristics and energy closure rate. It showed that: (1) The planar fit method utilizing many runs data to get the rotation angle of the x-z plane was from -2.5° to -3.0° when the calculation period was less than 15 days, and the angle almost kept invariant when the calculation period was more than 15 days. The rotation angle of the y-z plane was 0.15° during the experiments. The rotation angle of x-z plane with double rotation method was mainly determined by original horizontal wind. The change of the rotation angle was relatively large. (2) The composed velocities corrected by the two methods were almost the same; but the vertical velocities corrected by the two methods were different, and the vertical velocity corrected by double rotation methods was zero and that corrected by planar fit method was close to zero but unequal to zero. When the wind speed was large, it needed to consider the impact of selecting coordinate rotation method of the results. (3) It reflected the true vertical velocity after correction by planar fit method. The friction velocity corrected by the planar fit method was almost as the same as the corresponding result without correction individually, and those derived from double rotation method were 105% of the corresponding result without correction. The relative differences of friction velocities corrected by the two methods were investigated. The result showed that the stress correction error caused by double rotation method increased with the decreasing of velocity because of the mean velocity and the lateral stress sampling errors; (4) The heat and latent fluxes corrected by double rotation method were 106% and 104% of the corresponding result without correction individually, and those derived from Planar fit method were almost as the same as the corresponding result without correction. (5) The energy closure rate of shelterbelt corrected by the planar fit method was improved by 17% compared with the corresponding results without correction, and that derived from double rotation method was improved by 30% compared with the corresponding result without correction. In a word, the errors and uncertainties caused by the tilting observation device could be corrected with the effects of two coordinate system transforming methods. The double rotation method was suitable for the observation period with situation of underlying changed rapidly, and the planar fit method was suitable for observation period that the observing system and its surrounding environment was relatively stable throughout the measurement process.
- farmland shelterbelts,
- eddy covariance method,
- coordinate rotation,
- flux calculation

References

[1]	刘式达, 梁福明, 刘式适, 等. 大气湍流[M]. 北京: 北京大学出版社, 2008: 50-56.
[2]	Foken T. Micrometeorology[M]. Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008: 25-101.
[3]	Baldocchi D, Falge E, Gu L, et al. Fluxnet: a New Tool to Study the Temporal and Spatial Variability of Ecosystem-Scale Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapor, and Energy Flux Densities[J]. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2001, 82(11): 2415-2434.
[4]	于贵瑞, 孙晓敏. 陆地生态系统通量观测的原理与方法[M]. 北京:高等教育出版社, 2006: 13-15.
[5]	范志平, 曾德慧, 朱教君, 等. 农田防护林生态作用特征研究[J]. 水土保持学报, 2002, 16(4): 130-133.
[6]	Ludi A, Beyrich F, Matzler C. Determination of the Turbulent Temperature-Humidity Correlation from Scintillometric Measurements[J]. Boundary-Layer Meteor, 2005, 117(3): 525-550.
[7]	Kalmal J C, Haugen D A. Some Errors in the Measurement of Reynolds Stress[J]. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 1969, 8(3): 460-462.
[8]	Kaimal J C, Firmigan J J. Atmospheric Boundary Layer Flows[M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994: 289.
[9]	Wilczak J M, Oncley S P, Stage S A. Sonic Anemometer Tilt Correction Algorithms[J]. Boundary Layer Meteorology, 2001, 99(1):127-150.
[10]	Tanner, C B, Thurtell, G W. Anemoclinometer Measurements of Reynolds Stress and Heat Transport in the Atmospheric Surface Layer[R], Madison: University of Wisconsin Technical Report, 1969: 82.
[11]	Paw U P K, Baldocchi D D, Meyers T P, et al. Correction of eddy-covariance measurements incorporating both advective effects and density fluxes[J]. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2000, 97(1):487-511.
[12]	Kaimal J C, Gaynor J E. Another look at sonic thermometry[J]. Boundary Layer Meteorology, 1991, 56(1): 401-410.
[13]	朱治林, 孙晓敏, 袁国富, 等. 非平坦下垫面涡度相关通量的校正方法及其在China FLUX中的应用[J]. 中国科学(D辑), 2004, 34(增II): 37-45.
[14]	吴家兵, 关德新, 孙晓敏, 等. 长白山阔叶红松林CO₂交换的涡动通量修订[J]. 中国科学(D辑), 2004, 34(增II): 106-115.
[15]	王春林, 周国逸, 王旭, 等. 复杂地形条件下涡度相关法通量测定修正方法分析[J]. 中国农业气象, 2007, 28(3): 233-240.
[16]	谌志刚, 卞林根, 陆龙骅, 等. 涡度相关仪倾斜订正方法的比较及应用[J].气象科技, 2008, 36(3): 355-358.
[17]	王少影, 张宇, 吕世华,等. 金塔绿洲湍流资料的质量控制研究[J]. 高原气象, 2009,28(6):1260-1273.
[18]	柳媛普, 李锁锁, 吕世华,等. 几种通量资料修正方法的比较[J]. 高原气象, 2013,32(6):1704-1711.
[19]	Heisler G M, Dewalle D R. Effects of windbreak structure on wind flow[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 1988, 22-23: 41-69.
[20]	McAneney K J, Judd M J. Multiple windbreaks: An aeolean ensemble[J]. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 1991, 54(1-2): 129-146.
[21]	Dyer A J. Flow Distortion By Supporting Structures[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorol, 1981, 20(1): 243-251.
[22]	Wilsona K, Goldsteinb A, Falgec E, et al. Energy balance closure at FLUXNET sites[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2002, 113(1-4): 223-243.
[23]	赵仲辉. 亚热带杉木林生态系统与大气间的碳通量研究[D]. 长沙: 中南林业大学, 2011.

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通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

1.
沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142

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Effects of Coordinate Rotation on Precision of Heat and Latent Fluxes Estimating in Farmland Shelterbelts

1. Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, State Forestry Administration, Beijing 100091, China

2. Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China

Received Date: 2015-02-10

Abstract: The nearby farmland surface atmospheric motion forms the unique kinetic and thermodynamic effects by the special structure of shelterbelt. The unique effects contribute to the surrounding material and energy exchange process, so the selection of coordinate rotation method is the key to improve the accuracy of shelterbelts flux. This paper focuses on the effect of coordinate system on the eddy fluxes. Based on the data observed over the farmland shelterbelts in North China from March 9 to May 7 in 2012, the effects of two coordinate system transforming methods (Double Rotation-DR, and Planar Fit-PF) on the turbulent fluxes were analyzed with the key parameters of the turbulence characteristics and energy closure rate. It showed that: (1) The planar fit method utilizing many runs data to get the rotation angle of the x-z plane was from -2.5° to -3.0° when the calculation period was less than 15 days, and the angle almost kept invariant when the calculation period was more than 15 days. The rotation angle of the y-z plane was 0.15° during the experiments. The rotation angle of x-z plane with double rotation method was mainly determined by original horizontal wind. The change of the rotation angle was relatively large. (2) The composed velocities corrected by the two methods were almost the same; but the vertical velocities corrected by the two methods were different, and the vertical velocity corrected by double rotation methods was zero and that corrected by planar fit method was close to zero but unequal to zero. When the wind speed was large, it needed to consider the impact of selecting coordinate rotation method of the results. (3) It reflected the true vertical velocity after correction by planar fit method. The friction velocity corrected by the planar fit method was almost as the same as the corresponding result without correction individually, and those derived from double rotation method were 105% of the corresponding result without correction. The relative differences of friction velocities corrected by the two methods were investigated. The result showed that the stress correction error caused by double rotation method increased with the decreasing of velocity because of the mean velocity and the lateral stress sampling errors; (4) The heat and latent fluxes corrected by double rotation method were 106% and 104% of the corresponding result without correction individually, and those derived from Planar fit method were almost as the same as the corresponding result without correction. (5) The energy closure rate of shelterbelt corrected by the planar fit method was improved by 17% compared with the corresponding results without correction, and that derived from double rotation method was improved by 30% compared with the corresponding result without correction. In a word, the errors and uncertainties caused by the tilting observation device could be corrected with the effects of two coordinate system transforming methods. The double rotation method was suitable for the observation period with situation of underlying changed rapidly, and the planar fit method was suitable for observation period that the observing system and its surrounding environment was relatively stable throughout the measurement process.

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Reference (23)

[1]	刘式达, 梁福明, 刘式适, 等. 大气湍流[M]. 北京: 北京大学出版社, 2008: 50-56.
[2]	Foken T. Micrometeorology[M]. Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008: 25-101.
[3]	Baldocchi D, Falge E, Gu L, et al. Fluxnet: a New Tool to Study the Temporal and Spatial Variability of Ecosystem-Scale Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapor, and Energy Flux Densities[J]. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2001, 82(11): 2415-2434.
[4]	于贵瑞, 孙晓敏. 陆地生态系统通量观测的原理与方法[M]. 北京:高等教育出版社, 2006: 13-15.
[5]	范志平, 曾德慧, 朱教君, 等. 农田防护林生态作用特征研究[J]. 水土保持学报, 2002, 16(4): 130-133.
[6]	Ludi A, Beyrich F, Matzler C. Determination of the Turbulent Temperature-Humidity Correlation from Scintillometric Measurements[J]. Boundary-Layer Meteor, 2005, 117(3): 525-550.
[7]	Kalmal J C, Haugen D A. Some Errors in the Measurement of Reynolds Stress[J]. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 1969, 8(3): 460-462.
[8]	Kaimal J C, Firmigan J J. Atmospheric Boundary Layer Flows[M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994: 289.
[9]	Wilczak J M, Oncley S P, Stage S A. Sonic Anemometer Tilt Correction Algorithms[J]. Boundary Layer Meteorology, 2001, 99(1):127-150.
[10]	Tanner, C B, Thurtell, G W. Anemoclinometer Measurements of Reynolds Stress and Heat Transport in the Atmospheric Surface Layer[R], Madison: University of Wisconsin Technical Report, 1969: 82.
[11]	Paw U P K, Baldocchi D D, Meyers T P, et al. Correction of eddy-covariance measurements incorporating both advective effects and density fluxes[J]. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2000, 97(1):487-511.
[12]	Kaimal J C, Gaynor J E. Another look at sonic thermometry[J]. Boundary Layer Meteorology, 1991, 56(1): 401-410.
[13]	朱治林, 孙晓敏, 袁国富, 等. 非平坦下垫面涡度相关通量的校正方法及其在China FLUX中的应用[J]. 中国科学(D辑), 2004, 34(增II): 37-45.
[14]	吴家兵, 关德新, 孙晓敏, 等. 长白山阔叶红松林CO₂交换的涡动通量修订[J]. 中国科学(D辑), 2004, 34(增II): 106-115.
[15]	王春林, 周国逸, 王旭, 等. 复杂地形条件下涡度相关法通量测定修正方法分析[J]. 中国农业气象, 2007, 28(3): 233-240.
[16]	谌志刚, 卞林根, 陆龙骅, 等. 涡度相关仪倾斜订正方法的比较及应用[J].气象科技, 2008, 36(3): 355-358.
[17]	王少影, 张宇, 吕世华,等. 金塔绿洲湍流资料的质量控制研究[J]. 高原气象, 2009,28(6):1260-1273.
[18]	柳媛普, 李锁锁, 吕世华,等. 几种通量资料修正方法的比较[J]. 高原气象, 2013,32(6):1704-1711.
[19]	Heisler G M, Dewalle D R. Effects of windbreak structure on wind flow[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 1988, 22-23: 41-69.
[20]	McAneney K J, Judd M J. Multiple windbreaks: An aeolean ensemble[J]. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 1991, 54(1-2): 129-146.
[21]	Dyer A J. Flow Distortion By Supporting Structures[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorol, 1981, 20(1): 243-251.
[22]	Wilsona K, Goldsteinb A, Falgec E, et al. Energy balance closure at FLUXNET sites[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2002, 113(1-4): 223-243.
[23]	赵仲辉. 亚热带杉木林生态系统与大气间的碳通量研究[D]. 长沙: 中南林业大学, 2011.

Effects of Coordinate Rotation on Precision of Heat and Latent Fluxes Estimating in Farmland Shelterbelts

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通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

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Effects of Coordinate Rotation on Precision of Heat and Latent Fluxes Estimating in Farmland Shelterbelts

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