Flowering Phenology, Reproductive Module Characteristics and Their Influencing Factors of Endangered Plant Species Emmenopterys henryi

GUO Lian-jin; LI Mei; LIN Sheng

Volume 28 Issue 6

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Flowering Phenology, Reproductive Module Characteristics and Their Influencing Factors of Endangered Plant Species Emmenopterys henryi

1.
Shangrao Normal University, Shangrao 334000, Jiangxi, China
2.
Administrative Bureau of Wuyishan National Nature Reserve, Wuyishan 354300, Fujian, China

Received Date: 2015-04-20

Abstract

The flowering phenology, reproductive module and the relationship between the parameters and their impacting factors of Emmenopterys henryi were studied using field survey method. The results showed that the E. henryi trees entered the reproductive period at the age of 23 years old, and its florescence of single flower was 6.91 days. With the tree got old, its florescence came earlier, with a time duration of 36 to 61 days. Altitude had a significant influence on the florescence of single flower, as the altitude increased, the florescence of single flower got longer, and the first-flowering date postponed. The average number of flower branch per individual was 86, which including 7388 flowers and 95 fruits, and as the mother tree got old, the quantity of the reproductive module increased to different extends, among which the highest fruit productivity of a single flower branch generated from the trees with the age of 80110 years old. With the altitude increased, both the number of flower branch and flower decreased, however the quantity of the fruits had a modest increase. There were significant positive correlations between the age of E. henryi and light, air temperature, air humidity and their modules. The results of the study indicated that, for the mother trees with age of 80110 years old, the microhabitat of light intensity of 30000 lux, temperature of 28℃, and the humidity of 70%, were the best for their sexual reproduction. Based on the present research, it is suggested that the original habitat of E. henryi should be protected, cutting the mother tree of E. henryi should be prohibited, meanwhile, the high trees around the E. henryi tree should be thinned to improve the light conditions and help the growth and development of E. henryi.
- flowering process,
- reproductive age,
- influence factors

References

[1]	Hart S K. Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Flowering around Lake Issaqueena, SC. South Carolina:Clemson University, 2015.
[2]	罗睿,郭建军.植物开花时间:自然变异与遗传分化[J].植物学报,2010, 45(1):109-118.
[3]	牟成香,孙庚,罗鹏,等.青藏高原高寒草甸植物开花物候对极端干旱的响应[J].应用与环境生物学报, 2013, 19(2):272-279.
[4]	Ollerton J, Lack A J. Flowering phenology:an example of relaxation of natural selection?[J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 1992, 7(8):274-276.
[5]	张文辉,祖元刚,刘国彬.十种濒危植物种群生态学特征及致危因素分析[J].生态学报, 2002, 22(9):1512-1520.
[6]	Manuel C, Molles J. Ecology, concept and applications[M]. NewYork:McGraw-Hill Companies, 2002,186-254.
[7]	Paris K J. Population Status and Reproductive Biology of Clematis Morefieldii, a Federally Endangered Plant. Alabama:Auburn University, 2013.
[8]	Setsuko S, Tomaru N. The effects of plant size and light availability on male and female reproductive success and functional gender in a hermaphrodite tree species, Magnolia stellata[J]. Botany, 2011, 89(9):593-604.
[9]	李新蓉,谭敦炎,郭江.迁地保护条件下两种沙冬青的开花物候比较研究[J].生物多样性, 2006, 14(3):241-249.
[10]	Edens-Meier R M, Raguso R A, Westhus E, et al. Floral fraudulence:Do blue Thelymitra species(Orchidaceae) mimic Orthrosanthus laxus(Iridaceae)?[J]. Telopea, 2014, 17:15-28.
[11]	Gao Y, Liu H, Pei D. Morphological Characteristics and In Situ Auxin Production during the Histogenesis of Staminate Flowers in Precocious Walnut[J]. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 2014, 139(2):185-190.
[12]	Weber J J, C Goodwillie. 2013 Variation in floral longevity in the genus Leptosiphon:mating system consequences[J]. Plant Biol 15:220-225.
[13]	肖宜安,何平,胡文海,等.濒危植物长柄双花木自然种群生殖构件的时空动态[J].应用生态学报, 2005, 16(7):1200-1204.
[14]	何淼,陈士惠,马翠青,等.野生及引种侧金盏花的开花物候与传粉特性[J].草业科学,2014,31(3):431-237.
[15]	de Dios Miranda J, Jorquera M J, Pugnaire F I. Phenological and reproductive responses of a semiarid shrub to pulsed watering[J]. Plant ecology, 2014, 215(7):769-777.
[16]	Park I W, Schwartz M D. Long-term herbarium records reveal temperature-dependent changes in flowering phenology in the southeastern USA[J]. International journal of biometeorology, 2015, 59(3):347-355.
[17]	Butt N, Seabrook L, Maron M, et al. Cascading effects of climate extremes on vertebrate fauna through changes to low-latitude tree flowering and fruiting phenology[J]. Global change biology, 2015.
[18]	Cortés-Flores J, Cornejo-Tenorio G, Ibarra-Manríquez G. Flowering phenology and pollination syndromes in species with different growth forms in a Neotropical temperate forest of Mexico[J]. Botany, 2015, 93(999):1-7.
[19]	Huish R D, Manow M, McMullen C K. Floral Phenology and Sex Ratio of Piratebush(Buckleya distichophylla), a Rare Dioecious Shrub Endemic to the Southern Appalachian Mountains[J]. Castanea, 2015, 80(1):1-7.
[20]	Jorgensen R, Arathi H S. Floral longevity and autonomous selfing are altered by pollination and water availability in Collinsia heterophylla[J]. Annals of botany, 2013, 112(5):821-828.
[21]	张文标,金则新.濒危植物夏蜡梅(Sinocalycanthus chinensis)的开花物候与传粉成功[J].生态学报,2008,28(8):4037-4046.
[22]	Chaves ó M, Avalos G. Is the inverse leafing phenology of the dry forest understory shrub Jacquinia nervosa(Theophrastaceae) a strategy to escape herbivory?[J]. International Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation, 2014, 54(3):951-963.
[23]	Teixido A L, Valladares F. Temperature-Limited Floral Longevity in the Large-Flowered Mediterranean Shrub Cistus Ladanifer(Cistaceae)[J]. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 2015, 176(2):131-140.
[24]	Moon J, Suh S S, Lee H, et al. The SOC1 MADS-box gene integrates vernalization and gibberellin signals for flowering in Arabidopsis[J]. The Plant Journal, 2003, 35(5):613-623.
[25]	Borovsky Y, Sharma V K, Verbakel H, et al. CaAP2 transcription factor is a candidate gene for a flowering repressor and a candidate for controlling natural variation of flowering time in Capsicum annuum[J]. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2015, 128(6):1073-1082.
[26]	张大勇.植物生活史进化与繁殖生态学[M].科学出版社, 2004,43-61, 97-156.
[27]	傅立国,金鉴明.中国植物红皮书--稀有濒危植物(第一册)[M].北京:科学出版社. 1992, 568-569.
[28]	李铁华,周佑勋,段小平,等.香果树种子休眠和萌发的生理特性[J].中南林学院学报, 2004, 24(2):82-84.
[29]	康华靖,陈子林,周钰鸿,等.濒危植物香果树种子萌发及幼苗生长动态的比较[J].中南林业科技大学学报, 2011, 31(1):32-37.
[30]	Li J M, Jin Z X. Genetic structure of endangered Emmenopterys henryi Oliv. based on ISSR polymorphism and implications for its conservation[J]. Genetica, 2008, 133(3):227-234.
[31]	Du J C, Jing D L, Chen F J, et al. 6 Kinds of Isozymes after Long-term Subculture of Emmenopterys henryi Oliv.[J]. Agricultural Science & Technology, 2010, 11(5):22-27.
[32]	郭连金,林国卫,徐卫红,等.武夷山香果树自然种群生殖构件特性研究[J].西北林学院学报, 2011, 26(4):18-22.
[33]	Picketing C M.Variation in flowering parameters Within and among five species of Australian Alpine Ranunculus[J]. Austr J Bot,1995,43:103-112.
[34]	祖元刚,袁晓颖.白桦的开花时间及生殖构件的数量与树龄和树冠层次的关系[J].生态学报, 2000, 20(4):673-677.
[35]	Pigliucci M. Ecology and evolutionary biology of Arabidopsis[J]. The Arabidopsis book/American Society of Plant Biologists, 2002, 1-20.
[36]	Sten?ien H K, Fenster C B, Kuittinen H, et al. Quantifying latitudinal clines to light responses in natural populations of Arabidopsis thaliana(Brassicaceae)[J]. American Journal of Botany, 2002, 89(10):1604-1608.
[37]	Hammad I, TIENDEREN P H. Natural variation in flowering time among populations of the annual crucifer Arabidopsis thaliana[J]. Plant Species Biology, 1997, 12(1):15-23.
[38]	Hendry A P, Day T. Population structure attributable to reproductive time:isolation by time and adaptation by time[J]. Molecular ecology, 2005, 14(4):901-916.
[39]	边才苗,金则新,李钧敏.濒危植物七子花的生殖构件特征[J].西北植物学报, 2005, 25(4):756-760.
[40]	陈波,达良俊,宋永昌.常绿阔叶树种栲树开花物候动态及花的空间配置[J].植物生态学报,2003,27(2):249-255.
[41]	柴胜丰,韦霄,蒋运生,等.濒危植物金花茶开花物候和生殖构件特征[J].热带亚热带植物学报, 2009, 17(1):5-11.
[42]	程喜梅.国家重点保护植物香果树传粉生物学研究.郑州:河南农业大学, 2008.

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通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

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沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142

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Flowering Phenology, Reproductive Module Characteristics and Their Influencing Factors of Endangered Plant Species Emmenopterys henryi

1. Shangrao Normal University, Shangrao 334000, Jiangxi, China

2. Administrative Bureau of Wuyishan National Nature Reserve, Wuyishan 354300, Fujian, China

Received Date: 2015-04-20

Abstract: The flowering phenology, reproductive module and the relationship between the parameters and their impacting factors of Emmenopterys henryi were studied using field survey method. The results showed that the E. henryi trees entered the reproductive period at the age of 23 years old, and its florescence of single flower was 6.91 days. With the tree got old, its florescence came earlier, with a time duration of 36 to 61 days. Altitude had a significant influence on the florescence of single flower, as the altitude increased, the florescence of single flower got longer, and the first-flowering date postponed. The average number of flower branch per individual was 86, which including 7388 flowers and 95 fruits, and as the mother tree got old, the quantity of the reproductive module increased to different extends, among which the highest fruit productivity of a single flower branch generated from the trees with the age of 80110 years old. With the altitude increased, both the number of flower branch and flower decreased, however the quantity of the fruits had a modest increase. There were significant positive correlations between the age of E. henryi and light, air temperature, air humidity and their modules. The results of the study indicated that, for the mother trees with age of 80110 years old, the microhabitat of light intensity of 30000 lux, temperature of 28℃, and the humidity of 70%, were the best for their sexual reproduction. Based on the present research, it is suggested that the original habitat of E. henryi should be protected, cutting the mother tree of E. henryi should be prohibited, meanwhile, the high trees around the E. henryi tree should be thinned to improve the light conditions and help the growth and development of E. henryi.

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Reference (42)

[1]	Hart S K. Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Flowering around Lake Issaqueena, SC. South Carolina:Clemson University, 2015.
[2]	罗睿,郭建军.植物开花时间:自然变异与遗传分化[J].植物学报,2010, 45(1):109-118.
[3]	牟成香,孙庚,罗鹏,等.青藏高原高寒草甸植物开花物候对极端干旱的响应[J].应用与环境生物学报, 2013, 19(2):272-279.
[4]	Ollerton J, Lack A J. Flowering phenology:an example of relaxation of natural selection?[J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 1992, 7(8):274-276.
[5]	张文辉,祖元刚,刘国彬.十种濒危植物种群生态学特征及致危因素分析[J].生态学报, 2002, 22(9):1512-1520.
[6]	Manuel C, Molles J. Ecology, concept and applications[M]. NewYork:McGraw-Hill Companies, 2002,186-254.
[7]	Paris K J. Population Status and Reproductive Biology of Clematis Morefieldii, a Federally Endangered Plant. Alabama:Auburn University, 2013.
[8]	Setsuko S, Tomaru N. The effects of plant size and light availability on male and female reproductive success and functional gender in a hermaphrodite tree species, Magnolia stellata[J]. Botany, 2011, 89(9):593-604.
[9]	李新蓉,谭敦炎,郭江.迁地保护条件下两种沙冬青的开花物候比较研究[J].生物多样性, 2006, 14(3):241-249.
[10]	Edens-Meier R M, Raguso R A, Westhus E, et al. Floral fraudulence:Do blue Thelymitra species(Orchidaceae) mimic Orthrosanthus laxus(Iridaceae)?[J]. Telopea, 2014, 17:15-28.
[11]	Gao Y, Liu H, Pei D. Morphological Characteristics and In Situ Auxin Production during the Histogenesis of Staminate Flowers in Precocious Walnut[J]. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 2014, 139(2):185-190.
[12]	Weber J J, C Goodwillie. 2013 Variation in floral longevity in the genus Leptosiphon:mating system consequences[J]. Plant Biol 15:220-225.
[13]	肖宜安,何平,胡文海,等.濒危植物长柄双花木自然种群生殖构件的时空动态[J].应用生态学报, 2005, 16(7):1200-1204.
[14]	何淼,陈士惠,马翠青,等.野生及引种侧金盏花的开花物候与传粉特性[J].草业科学,2014,31(3):431-237.
[15]	de Dios Miranda J, Jorquera M J, Pugnaire F I. Phenological and reproductive responses of a semiarid shrub to pulsed watering[J]. Plant ecology, 2014, 215(7):769-777.
[16]	Park I W, Schwartz M D. Long-term herbarium records reveal temperature-dependent changes in flowering phenology in the southeastern USA[J]. International journal of biometeorology, 2015, 59(3):347-355.
[17]	Butt N, Seabrook L, Maron M, et al. Cascading effects of climate extremes on vertebrate fauna through changes to low-latitude tree flowering and fruiting phenology[J]. Global change biology, 2015.
[18]	Cortés-Flores J, Cornejo-Tenorio G, Ibarra-Manríquez G. Flowering phenology and pollination syndromes in species with different growth forms in a Neotropical temperate forest of Mexico[J]. Botany, 2015, 93(999):1-7.
[19]	Huish R D, Manow M, McMullen C K. Floral Phenology and Sex Ratio of Piratebush(Buckleya distichophylla), a Rare Dioecious Shrub Endemic to the Southern Appalachian Mountains[J]. Castanea, 2015, 80(1):1-7.
[20]	Jorgensen R, Arathi H S. Floral longevity and autonomous selfing are altered by pollination and water availability in Collinsia heterophylla[J]. Annals of botany, 2013, 112(5):821-828.
[21]	张文标,金则新.濒危植物夏蜡梅(Sinocalycanthus chinensis)的开花物候与传粉成功[J].生态学报,2008,28(8):4037-4046.
[22]	Chaves ó M, Avalos G. Is the inverse leafing phenology of the dry forest understory shrub Jacquinia nervosa(Theophrastaceae) a strategy to escape herbivory?[J]. International Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation, 2014, 54(3):951-963.
[23]	Teixido A L, Valladares F. Temperature-Limited Floral Longevity in the Large-Flowered Mediterranean Shrub Cistus Ladanifer(Cistaceae)[J]. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 2015, 176(2):131-140.
[24]	Moon J, Suh S S, Lee H, et al. The SOC1 MADS-box gene integrates vernalization and gibberellin signals for flowering in Arabidopsis[J]. The Plant Journal, 2003, 35(5):613-623.
[25]	Borovsky Y, Sharma V K, Verbakel H, et al. CaAP2 transcription factor is a candidate gene for a flowering repressor and a candidate for controlling natural variation of flowering time in Capsicum annuum[J]. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2015, 128(6):1073-1082.
[26]	张大勇.植物生活史进化与繁殖生态学[M].科学出版社, 2004,43-61, 97-156.
[27]	傅立国,金鉴明.中国植物红皮书--稀有濒危植物(第一册)[M].北京:科学出版社. 1992, 568-569.
[28]	李铁华,周佑勋,段小平,等.香果树种子休眠和萌发的生理特性[J].中南林学院学报, 2004, 24(2):82-84.
[29]	康华靖,陈子林,周钰鸿,等.濒危植物香果树种子萌发及幼苗生长动态的比较[J].中南林业科技大学学报, 2011, 31(1):32-37.
[30]	Li J M, Jin Z X. Genetic structure of endangered Emmenopterys henryi Oliv. based on ISSR polymorphism and implications for its conservation[J]. Genetica, 2008, 133(3):227-234.
[31]	Du J C, Jing D L, Chen F J, et al. 6 Kinds of Isozymes after Long-term Subculture of Emmenopterys henryi Oliv.[J]. Agricultural Science & Technology, 2010, 11(5):22-27.
[32]	郭连金,林国卫,徐卫红,等.武夷山香果树自然种群生殖构件特性研究[J].西北林学院学报, 2011, 26(4):18-22.
[33]	Picketing C M.Variation in flowering parameters Within and among five species of Australian Alpine Ranunculus[J]. Austr J Bot,1995,43:103-112.
[34]	祖元刚,袁晓颖.白桦的开花时间及生殖构件的数量与树龄和树冠层次的关系[J].生态学报, 2000, 20(4):673-677.
[35]	Pigliucci M. Ecology and evolutionary biology of Arabidopsis[J]. The Arabidopsis book/American Society of Plant Biologists, 2002, 1-20.
[36]	Sten?ien H K, Fenster C B, Kuittinen H, et al. Quantifying latitudinal clines to light responses in natural populations of Arabidopsis thaliana(Brassicaceae)[J]. American Journal of Botany, 2002, 89(10):1604-1608.
[37]	Hammad I, TIENDEREN P H. Natural variation in flowering time among populations of the annual crucifer Arabidopsis thaliana[J]. Plant Species Biology, 1997, 12(1):15-23.
[38]	Hendry A P, Day T. Population structure attributable to reproductive time:isolation by time and adaptation by time[J]. Molecular ecology, 2005, 14(4):901-916.
[39]	边才苗,金则新,李钧敏.濒危植物七子花的生殖构件特征[J].西北植物学报, 2005, 25(4):756-760.
[40]	陈波,达良俊,宋永昌.常绿阔叶树种栲树开花物候动态及花的空间配置[J].植物生态学报,2003,27(2):249-255.
[41]	柴胜丰,韦霄,蒋运生,等.濒危植物金花茶开花物候和生殖构件特征[J].热带亚热带植物学报, 2009, 17(1):5-11.
[42]	程喜梅.国家重点保护植物香果树传粉生物学研究.郑州:河南农业大学, 2008.

Flowering Phenology, Reproductive Module Characteristics and Their Influencing Factors of Endangered Plant Species Emmenopterys henryi

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References

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通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

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Flowering Phenology, Reproductive Module Characteristics and Their Influencing Factors of Endangered Plant Species Emmenopterys henryi

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