Effects of Elevated O3 Level on Photosynthesis and Injury of Phoebe and Machilus Seedlings in Subtropical China

YU Hao; SHANG He; CHEN Zhan; CAO Ji-xin

Volume 29 Issue 6

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Effects of Elevated O3 Level on Photosynthesis and Injury of Phoebe and Machilus Seedlings in Subtropical China

1.
Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China

Received Date: 2015-09-29

Abstract

[Objective] To study the effects of O3 on the change law of photosynthesis and occurrence of visible symptoms. [Methods] One-year-old seedlings of Phoebe zhennan S. Lee et FNWei, Phoebe bournei(Hemsl.) Yang and Machilus pauhoi Kanehira, the native tree species in subtropical regions, were exposed to the O3 concentrations gradient consisting of low O3 treatment, non-filtered treatment, 100 nL·L-1 and 150 nL·L-1 O3 by using open-top chambers. [Results] (1) the decrease in photosynthesis of the three tree species was related to non-stomatal factors. Elevated O3 caused a decrease in the degree of correlation between net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance, reduced the using range of photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) as a whole, induced obviously the photo inhibition and weakened the photosynthetic acclimation of plants accordingly. The negative effects on Phoebe zhennan and Machilus pauhoi seedlings were more serious with higher O3 concentration, however, the negative effects of 100nL·L-1 O3 on Phoebe bournei were more serious than 150nL·L-1 O3. In non-filtered treatment, although the mean O3 concentration was low, to some extent, O3 had negative effects on seedlings as a result of its higher peak O3 concentration. Relative to non-filtered treatment, low O3 treatment reduced the damage of O3 by eliminating relative high O3 peak concentration. (2) Under O3 stress, obvious visible symptoms were found in the three tree species, including chlorosis, macular and necrosis in the leaves of Phoebe zhennan, chlorosis, macular and water stains in the leaves of Phoebe bournei, brown-red spots, water stains, necrosis, crimp and wilt in the leaves of Machilus pauhoi.[Conclusion] Elevated O3 resulted in the decrease of photosynthesis and visible symptoms in the leaves of the three tree species, and all these species can be used as bioindicators of O3 pollution. Sensitive degree to O3 among the three tree species was determined based on photosynthesis: Machilus pauhoi > Phoebe bournei > Phoebe zhennan. Machilus pauhoi has better indicating effect due to greater O3-sensitivity and more serious injury symptoms.
- O₃,
- photosynthesis,
- Pn-PAR response parameters,
- non-stomatal factors,
- injury symptoms

References

[1]	Vingarzan R. A review of surface ozone background levels and trends[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2004, 38(21): 3431-3442.
[2]	Bytnerowicz A, Omasa K, Paoletti E. Integrated effects of air pollution and climate change on forests: a northern hemisphere perspective[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2007, 147(3): 438-445.
[3]	Serengil Y, Augustaitis A, Bytnerowicz A, et al. Adaptation of forest ecosystems to air pollution and climate change: a global assessment on research priorities[J]. iForest-Biogeosciences and Forestry, 2011, 4(2): 44-48.
[4]	Forest decline and ozone: a comparison of controlled chamber and field experiments[M]. Springer Science & Business Media, 1997.
[5]	Ashmore M R. Assessing the future global impacts of ozone on vegetation[J]. Plant, Cell & Environment, 2005, 28(8): 949-964.
[6]	Paoletti E, Ferrara A M, Calatayud V, et al. Deciduous shrubs for ozone bioindication: Hibiscus syriacus as an example[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2009, 157(3): 865-870.
[7]	Vingarzan R. A review of surface ozone background levels and trends[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2004, 38(21): 3431-3442.
[8]	Derwent R G, Simmonds P G, Manning A J, et al. Trends over a 20-year period from 1987 to 2007 in surface ozone at the atmospheric research station, Mace Head, Ireland[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2007, 41(39): 9091-9098.
[9]	The Royal Society. Ground-level Ozone in the 21st Century: Future Trends, Impacts and Policy Implications[J]. Science Policy, Report 15/08, 2008.
[10]	IPCC. CLIMATECHANGE 2001-The Scientific Basis[M].Cambridge, UK and New York, USA: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
[11]	冯兆忠, 王效科, 郑启伟, 等. 油菜叶片气体交换对 O 3 浓度和熏蒸方式的响应[J]. 生态学报, 2013, 26(3): 823-829.
[12]	Krupa S, McGrath M T, Andersen C P, et al. Ambient ozone and plant health[J]. Plant Disease, 2001, 85(1): 4-12.
[13]	Grantz D A, Gunn S, VU H B. O3 impacts on plant development: a meta-analysis of root/shoot allocation and growth[J]. Plant, Cell & Environment, 2006, 29(7): 1193-1209.
[14]	Faoro F, Iriti M. Cell death behind invisible symptoms: early diagnosis of ozone injury[J]. Biologia plantarum, 2005, 49(4): 585-592.
[15]	Fagnano M, Maggio A, Fumagalli I. Crops' responses to ozone in Mediterranean environments[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2009, 157(5): 1438-1444.
[16]	Bermejo V, Gimeno B S, Sanz J, et al. Assessment of the ozone sensitivity of 22 native plant species from Mediterranean annual pastures based on visible injury[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2003, 37(33): 4667-4677.
[17]	Fuhrer J. Ozone risk for crops and pastures in present and future climates[J]. Naturwissenschaften, 2009, 96(2): 173-194.
[18]	Ryang S Z, Woo S Y, Kwon S Y, et al. Changes of net photosynthesis, antioxidant enzyme activities, and antioxidant contents of Liriodendron tulipifera under elevated ozone[J]. Photosynthetica, 2009, 47(1): 19-25.
[19]	Andersen C P. Source-sink balance and carbon allocation below ground in plants exposed to ozone[J]. New Phytologist, 2003, 157(2): 213-228.
[20]	Watanabe M, Umemoto-Yamaguchi M, Koike T, et al. Growth and photosynthetic response of Fagus crenata seedlings to ozone and/or elevated carbon dioxide[J]. Landscape and Ecological Engineering, 2010, 6(2): 181-190.
[21]	HUANG S, ZHAO T, JIN D, et al. Photosynthetic physio-response of urban Quercus mongolica leaves to surface elevated ozone concentration[J]. Liaoning Forestry Science and Technology, 2009, 5: 004.
[22]	Zheng Y F, Hu C D, Wu R J, et al. Experiment with effects of increased surface ozone concentration upon winter wheat photosynthesis[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2010, 30(4): 847-855.
[23]	Guidi L, Bongi G, Ciompi S, et al. In Vicia faba leaves photoinhibition from ozone fumigation in light precedes a decrease in quantum yield of functional PSII centres[J]. Journal of plant physiology, 1999, 154(2): 167-172.
[24]	Zhang W W, Niu J F, Wang X K, et al. Effects of ozone exposure on growth and photosynthesis of the seedlings of Liriodendron chinense(Hemsl.) Sarg, a native tree species of subtropical China[J]. Photosynthetica, 2011, 49(1): 29-36.
[25]	Pleijel, H., H. Danielsson, J. Gelang, et al. Growth stage dependence of the grain yield response to ozone in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)[J]. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment, 1998. 70(1): 61-68.
[26]	Clark, A.J., W. Landolt, J. Bucher, et al. Beech (Fagus sylvatica) response to ozone exposure assessed with a chlorophyll a fluorescence performance index[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2000. 109(3): 501-507.
[27]	Contran, N. and E. Paoletti. Visible foliar injury and physiological responses to ozone in Italian provenances of Fraxinus excelsior and F. ornus[J]. The Scientific World Journal, 2007. 7: 90-97.
[28]	Desotgiu, R., F. Bussotti, F. Faoro, et al. Early events in Populus hybrid and Fagus sylvatica leaves exposed to ozone[J]. The Scientific World Journal, 2010. 10: 512-527.
[29]	Calatayud, A. and E. Barreno. Response to ozone in two lettuce varieties on chlorophyll a fluorescence, photosynthetic pigments and lipid peroxidation[J]. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 2004. 42(6): 549-555.
[30]	Calatayud, V., J. Cerveró, E. Calvo, et al. Responses of evergreen and deciduous Quercus species to enhanced ozone levels[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2011. 159(1): 55-63.
[31]	Pleijel, H. Reduced ozone by air filtration consistently improved grain yield in wheat[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2011. 159(4): 897-902.
[32]	Innes, J., J. Skelly, and M. Schaub. Ozone and Braodleaved Species. A Guide to the Identification of Ozone-induced Foliar Injury[J]. Ozon, Laubholz-und Krautpflanzen. Ein Führer zum Bestimmen von Ozonsymptomen. Eidgenössische Forschungsanstalt WSL, Birmensdorf Paul Haupt Verlag, Bern, Stuttgart, Wien, 2001.
[33]	Wittig V E, Ainsworth E A, Naidu S L, et al. Quantifying the impact of current and future tropospheric ozone on tree biomass, growth, physiology and biochemistry: a quantitative meta-analysis[J]. Global Change Biology, 2009, 15(2): 396-424.
[34]	张巍巍, 牛俊峰, 王效科, 等. 大气臭氧浓度增加对湿地松幼苗的影响[J]. 环境科学, 2011, 32(6):1710-1716.
[35]	彭斌, 赖上坤, 李潘林, 等. 开放式空气中臭氧浓度升高对超级稻Ⅱ优084生长和产量的影响[J].农业环境科学报, 2014, 02:217-223.
[36]	付伟, 高江艳, 徐胜, 等. 高浓度臭氧对城市白桦和银中杨光合作用的影响[J]. 生态学杂志, 2014, 12: 3184-3190.
[37]	Ismail, I., J. Basahi, and I. Hassan. Gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence of pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants in response to ambient ozone at a rural site in Egypt[J]. Science of the total environment, 2014. 497: 585-593.
[38]	李秋静, 卢广超, 薛立, 等. 臭氧与干旱交叉胁迫对3树种幼苗光合生理的影响[J]. 广东林业科技, 2014, 02: 45-52.
[39]	Paoletti E, Grulke N E. Does living in elevated CO 2 ameliorate tree response to ozone? A review on stomatal responses[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2005, 137(3): 483-493.
[40]	Pääkkönen E, Vahala J, Pohjola M, et al. Physiological, stomatal and ultrastructural ozone responses in birch (Betula pendula Roth.) are modified by water stress[J]. Plant, Cell & Environment, 1998, 21(7): 671-684.
[41]	Vingarzan, R. A review of surface ozone background levels and trends[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2004. 38(21): 3431-3442.
[42]	Zhang W, Feng Z, Wang X, et al. Elevated ozone negatively affects photosynthesis of current-year leaves but not previous-year leaves in evergreen Cyclobalanopsis glauca seedlings[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2014, 184: 676-681.
[43]	Wittig V E, Ainsworth E A, Long S P. To what extent do current and projected increases in surface ozone affect photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of trees? Ameta-analytic review of the last 3 decades of experiments[J]. Plant, cell & environment, 2007, 30(9): 1150-1162.
[44]	张薇薇. 近地层O3浓度升高对我国亚热带典型树种的影响. 北京: 中国科学院生态环境研究中心, 2011.

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通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

1.
沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142

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Effects of Elevated O3 Level on Photosynthesis and Injury of Phoebe and Machilus Seedlings in Subtropical China

1. Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China

Received Date: 2015-09-29

Abstract: [Objective] To study the effects of O3 on the change law of photosynthesis and occurrence of visible symptoms. [Methods] One-year-old seedlings of Phoebe zhennan S. Lee et FNWei, Phoebe bournei(Hemsl.) Yang and Machilus pauhoi Kanehira, the native tree species in subtropical regions, were exposed to the O3 concentrations gradient consisting of low O3 treatment, non-filtered treatment, 100 nL·L-1 and 150 nL·L-1 O3 by using open-top chambers. [Results] (1) the decrease in photosynthesis of the three tree species was related to non-stomatal factors. Elevated O3 caused a decrease in the degree of correlation between net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance, reduced the using range of photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) as a whole, induced obviously the photo inhibition and weakened the photosynthetic acclimation of plants accordingly. The negative effects on Phoebe zhennan and Machilus pauhoi seedlings were more serious with higher O3 concentration, however, the negative effects of 100nL·L-1 O3 on Phoebe bournei were more serious than 150nL·L-1 O3. In non-filtered treatment, although the mean O3 concentration was low, to some extent, O3 had negative effects on seedlings as a result of its higher peak O3 concentration. Relative to non-filtered treatment, low O3 treatment reduced the damage of O3 by eliminating relative high O3 peak concentration. (2) Under O3 stress, obvious visible symptoms were found in the three tree species, including chlorosis, macular and necrosis in the leaves of Phoebe zhennan, chlorosis, macular and water stains in the leaves of Phoebe bournei, brown-red spots, water stains, necrosis, crimp and wilt in the leaves of Machilus pauhoi.[Conclusion] Elevated O3 resulted in the decrease of photosynthesis and visible symptoms in the leaves of the three tree species, and all these species can be used as bioindicators of O3 pollution. Sensitive degree to O3 among the three tree species was determined based on photosynthesis: Machilus pauhoi > Phoebe bournei > Phoebe zhennan. Machilus pauhoi has better indicating effect due to greater O3-sensitivity and more serious injury symptoms.

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Reference (44)

[1]	Vingarzan R. A review of surface ozone background levels and trends[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2004, 38(21): 3431-3442.
[2]	Bytnerowicz A, Omasa K, Paoletti E. Integrated effects of air pollution and climate change on forests: a northern hemisphere perspective[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2007, 147(3): 438-445.
[3]	Serengil Y, Augustaitis A, Bytnerowicz A, et al. Adaptation of forest ecosystems to air pollution and climate change: a global assessment on research priorities[J]. iForest-Biogeosciences and Forestry, 2011, 4(2): 44-48.
[4]	Forest decline and ozone: a comparison of controlled chamber and field experiments[M]. Springer Science & Business Media, 1997.
[5]	Ashmore M R. Assessing the future global impacts of ozone on vegetation[J]. Plant, Cell & Environment, 2005, 28(8): 949-964.
[6]	Paoletti E, Ferrara A M, Calatayud V, et al. Deciduous shrubs for ozone bioindication: Hibiscus syriacus as an example[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2009, 157(3): 865-870.
[7]	Vingarzan R. A review of surface ozone background levels and trends[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2004, 38(21): 3431-3442.
[8]	Derwent R G, Simmonds P G, Manning A J, et al. Trends over a 20-year period from 1987 to 2007 in surface ozone at the atmospheric research station, Mace Head, Ireland[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2007, 41(39): 9091-9098.
[9]	The Royal Society. Ground-level Ozone in the 21st Century: Future Trends, Impacts and Policy Implications[J]. Science Policy, Report 15/08, 2008.
[10]	IPCC. CLIMATECHANGE 2001-The Scientific Basis[M].Cambridge, UK and New York, USA: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
[11]	冯兆忠, 王效科, 郑启伟, 等. 油菜叶片气体交换对 O 3 浓度和熏蒸方式的响应[J]. 生态学报, 2013, 26(3): 823-829.
[12]	Krupa S, McGrath M T, Andersen C P, et al. Ambient ozone and plant health[J]. Plant Disease, 2001, 85(1): 4-12.
[13]	Grantz D A, Gunn S, VU H B. O3 impacts on plant development: a meta-analysis of root/shoot allocation and growth[J]. Plant, Cell & Environment, 2006, 29(7): 1193-1209.
[14]	Faoro F, Iriti M. Cell death behind invisible symptoms: early diagnosis of ozone injury[J]. Biologia plantarum, 2005, 49(4): 585-592.
[15]	Fagnano M, Maggio A, Fumagalli I. Crops' responses to ozone in Mediterranean environments[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2009, 157(5): 1438-1444.
[16]	Bermejo V, Gimeno B S, Sanz J, et al. Assessment of the ozone sensitivity of 22 native plant species from Mediterranean annual pastures based on visible injury[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2003, 37(33): 4667-4677.
[17]	Fuhrer J. Ozone risk for crops and pastures in present and future climates[J]. Naturwissenschaften, 2009, 96(2): 173-194.
[18]	Ryang S Z, Woo S Y, Kwon S Y, et al. Changes of net photosynthesis, antioxidant enzyme activities, and antioxidant contents of Liriodendron tulipifera under elevated ozone[J]. Photosynthetica, 2009, 47(1): 19-25.
[19]	Andersen C P. Source-sink balance and carbon allocation below ground in plants exposed to ozone[J]. New Phytologist, 2003, 157(2): 213-228.
[20]	Watanabe M, Umemoto-Yamaguchi M, Koike T, et al. Growth and photosynthetic response of Fagus crenata seedlings to ozone and/or elevated carbon dioxide[J]. Landscape and Ecological Engineering, 2010, 6(2): 181-190.
[21]	HUANG S, ZHAO T, JIN D, et al. Photosynthetic physio-response of urban Quercus mongolica leaves to surface elevated ozone concentration[J]. Liaoning Forestry Science and Technology, 2009, 5: 004.
[22]	Zheng Y F, Hu C D, Wu R J, et al. Experiment with effects of increased surface ozone concentration upon winter wheat photosynthesis[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2010, 30(4): 847-855.
[23]	Guidi L, Bongi G, Ciompi S, et al. In Vicia faba leaves photoinhibition from ozone fumigation in light precedes a decrease in quantum yield of functional PSII centres[J]. Journal of plant physiology, 1999, 154(2): 167-172.
[24]	Zhang W W, Niu J F, Wang X K, et al. Effects of ozone exposure on growth and photosynthesis of the seedlings of Liriodendron chinense(Hemsl.) Sarg, a native tree species of subtropical China[J]. Photosynthetica, 2011, 49(1): 29-36.
[25]	Pleijel, H., H. Danielsson, J. Gelang, et al. Growth stage dependence of the grain yield response to ozone in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)[J]. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment, 1998. 70(1): 61-68.
[26]	Clark, A.J., W. Landolt, J. Bucher, et al. Beech (Fagus sylvatica) response to ozone exposure assessed with a chlorophyll a fluorescence performance index[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2000. 109(3): 501-507.
[27]	Contran, N. and E. Paoletti. Visible foliar injury and physiological responses to ozone in Italian provenances of Fraxinus excelsior and F. ornus[J]. The Scientific World Journal, 2007. 7: 90-97.
[28]	Desotgiu, R., F. Bussotti, F. Faoro, et al. Early events in Populus hybrid and Fagus sylvatica leaves exposed to ozone[J]. The Scientific World Journal, 2010. 10: 512-527.
[29]	Calatayud, A. and E. Barreno. Response to ozone in two lettuce varieties on chlorophyll a fluorescence, photosynthetic pigments and lipid peroxidation[J]. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 2004. 42(6): 549-555.
[30]	Calatayud, V., J. Cerveró, E. Calvo, et al. Responses of evergreen and deciduous Quercus species to enhanced ozone levels[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2011. 159(1): 55-63.
[31]	Pleijel, H. Reduced ozone by air filtration consistently improved grain yield in wheat[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2011. 159(4): 897-902.
[32]	Innes, J., J. Skelly, and M. Schaub. Ozone and Braodleaved Species. A Guide to the Identification of Ozone-induced Foliar Injury[J]. Ozon, Laubholz-und Krautpflanzen. Ein Führer zum Bestimmen von Ozonsymptomen. Eidgenössische Forschungsanstalt WSL, Birmensdorf Paul Haupt Verlag, Bern, Stuttgart, Wien, 2001.
[33]	Wittig V E, Ainsworth E A, Naidu S L, et al. Quantifying the impact of current and future tropospheric ozone on tree biomass, growth, physiology and biochemistry: a quantitative meta-analysis[J]. Global Change Biology, 2009, 15(2): 396-424.
[34]	张巍巍, 牛俊峰, 王效科, 等. 大气臭氧浓度增加对湿地松幼苗的影响[J]. 环境科学, 2011, 32(6):1710-1716.
[35]	彭斌, 赖上坤, 李潘林, 等. 开放式空气中臭氧浓度升高对超级稻Ⅱ优084生长和产量的影响[J].农业环境科学报, 2014, 02:217-223.
[36]	付伟, 高江艳, 徐胜, 等. 高浓度臭氧对城市白桦和银中杨光合作用的影响[J]. 生态学杂志, 2014, 12: 3184-3190.
[37]	Ismail, I., J. Basahi, and I. Hassan. Gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence of pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants in response to ambient ozone at a rural site in Egypt[J]. Science of the total environment, 2014. 497: 585-593.
[38]	李秋静, 卢广超, 薛立, 等. 臭氧与干旱交叉胁迫对3树种幼苗光合生理的影响[J]. 广东林业科技, 2014, 02: 45-52.
[39]	Paoletti E, Grulke N E. Does living in elevated CO 2 ameliorate tree response to ozone? A review on stomatal responses[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2005, 137(3): 483-493.
[40]	Pääkkönen E, Vahala J, Pohjola M, et al. Physiological, stomatal and ultrastructural ozone responses in birch (Betula pendula Roth.) are modified by water stress[J]. Plant, Cell & Environment, 1998, 21(7): 671-684.
[41]	Vingarzan, R. A review of surface ozone background levels and trends[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2004. 38(21): 3431-3442.
[42]	Zhang W, Feng Z, Wang X, et al. Elevated ozone negatively affects photosynthesis of current-year leaves but not previous-year leaves in evergreen Cyclobalanopsis glauca seedlings[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2014, 184: 676-681.
[43]	Wittig V E, Ainsworth E A, Long S P. To what extent do current and projected increases in surface ozone affect photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of trees? Ameta-analytic review of the last 3 decades of experiments[J]. Plant, cell & environment, 2007, 30(9): 1150-1162.
[44]	张薇薇. 近地层O3浓度升高对我国亚热带典型树种的影响. 北京: 中国科学院生态环境研究中心, 2011.

Effects of Elevated O3 Level on Photosynthesis and Injury of Phoebe and Machilus Seedlings in Subtropical China

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通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

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Effects of Elevated O3 Level on Photosynthesis and Injury of Phoebe and Machilus Seedlings in Subtropical China

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