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Comprehensive Selection of 29-year-old for Provenances/ Families of Teak (Tectona grandis Linn.f.) in Southwestern Yunnan

  • Received Date: 2023-08-18
    Accepted Date: 2024-03-14
  • Objective Through the comprehensive evaluation of the adaptability, growth and form quality traits of teak(Tectona grandis Linn.f.) forests (provenance / family) of early and 29-year-old established in southwestern Yunnan, the purpose is to select the superior provenances / families of teak with strong adaptability, fast growth and excellent form quality for the local region. Method Thirty-four provenances and families of teak were collected from China and abroad. Using a completely random block design with (2 × 2) plant plots and 8 replicates to establish trial plantation, the conservation rate and growth difference of the early 2-8 year old and 29-year old trees were investigated, analyzed and compared. The conservation rate, the growth and quality traits of dominant trees of 29-year old provenances/families were analyzed by principal component analysis, and excellent provenances/families were evaluated comprehensively. Result There was no significant difference in the preservation rate between the 2-8-year-old teak provenances/families in the early stage, while the difference in the preservation rate between the 29-year-old provenances/ families was extremely significant. However, the differences in growths and quality traits between 2-8-year-old or 29-year-old provenances / families were extremely significant. The average tree height, average DBH and average tree volume of 2-8-year-old best provenances / families were 1.38-1.91 times, 1.63-2.18 times and 3.82-5.17 times of the worst growing ones, respectively. The average tree height, average DBH, average tree volume, stem straightness and trunk height of 29-year-old dominant trees from the best provenances were 1.84 times, 1.87 times, 4.84 times, 2.18 times and 12.89 times of those from the worst provenances, respectively. Greater yield-increasing benefits can be obtained through the selection of excellent provenance / family. The preservation rate and growth traits of dominant trees of 29-year-old provenances/families were significantly correlated with the growth traits of 4-8-year-old dominant trees. The stem straightness of dominant trees of 29-year-old provenances / families was significantly correlated with the growth traits of dominant trees, and the tree height of dominant trees was significantly correlated with the average tree height and individual volume growth of dominant trees. The cumulative contribution rate of the first three principal components of 29-year-old provenances / families preservation rate, growth and form quality traits was 97.63%. According to the comprehensive score in the first three principal components of the provenances / families, seven excellent provenances / families (8410、8603、8407、8602、85131、1007 and 7564#)were selected according to the selection rate of 20%. Conclusion The genetic gains of dominant tree height, DBH, individual volume, stem straightness and trunk height of the seven provenances / families selected at 29 years old are 7.92%, 9.39%, 14.74%, 7.06% and 12.29%, respectively. Among them, provenance 8410 from Yunnan Longchuan Forest Farm and provenance 8603 from Hainan Jianfengling are more suitable for local growth.
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Comprehensive Selection of 29-year-old for Provenances/ Families of Teak (Tectona grandis Linn.f.) in Southwestern Yunnan

  • 1. .Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry; Key Laboratory of Tropical Forestry Research, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Guangzhou 510520, Guangdong, China
  • 2. Institute of Forestry and Grassland Science of Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Mengzi 661199, Yunnan, China

Abstract:  Objective Through the comprehensive evaluation of the adaptability, growth and form quality traits of teak(Tectona grandis Linn.f.) forests (provenance / family) of early and 29-year-old established in southwestern Yunnan, the purpose is to select the superior provenances / families of teak with strong adaptability, fast growth and excellent form quality for the local region. Method Thirty-four provenances and families of teak were collected from China and abroad. Using a completely random block design with (2 × 2) plant plots and 8 replicates to establish trial plantation, the conservation rate and growth difference of the early 2-8 year old and 29-year old trees were investigated, analyzed and compared. The conservation rate, the growth and quality traits of dominant trees of 29-year old provenances/families were analyzed by principal component analysis, and excellent provenances/families were evaluated comprehensively. Result There was no significant difference in the preservation rate between the 2-8-year-old teak provenances/families in the early stage, while the difference in the preservation rate between the 29-year-old provenances/ families was extremely significant. However, the differences in growths and quality traits between 2-8-year-old or 29-year-old provenances / families were extremely significant. The average tree height, average DBH and average tree volume of 2-8-year-old best provenances / families were 1.38-1.91 times, 1.63-2.18 times and 3.82-5.17 times of the worst growing ones, respectively. The average tree height, average DBH, average tree volume, stem straightness and trunk height of 29-year-old dominant trees from the best provenances were 1.84 times, 1.87 times, 4.84 times, 2.18 times and 12.89 times of those from the worst provenances, respectively. Greater yield-increasing benefits can be obtained through the selection of excellent provenance / family. The preservation rate and growth traits of dominant trees of 29-year-old provenances/families were significantly correlated with the growth traits of 4-8-year-old dominant trees. The stem straightness of dominant trees of 29-year-old provenances / families was significantly correlated with the growth traits of dominant trees, and the tree height of dominant trees was significantly correlated with the average tree height and individual volume growth of dominant trees. The cumulative contribution rate of the first three principal components of 29-year-old provenances / families preservation rate, growth and form quality traits was 97.63%. According to the comprehensive score in the first three principal components of the provenances / families, seven excellent provenances / families (8410、8603、8407、8602、85131、1007 and 7564#)were selected according to the selection rate of 20%. Conclusion The genetic gains of dominant tree height, DBH, individual volume, stem straightness and trunk height of the seven provenances / families selected at 29 years old are 7.92%, 9.39%, 14.74%, 7.06% and 12.29%, respectively. Among them, provenance 8410 from Yunnan Longchuan Forest Farm and provenance 8603 from Hainan Jianfengling are more suitable for local growth.

  • 柚木(Tectona grandis Linn.f.)是我国外引的热带珍贵用材树种,早在1842 年就由云南边境的寺庙作为庭院绿化引种栽培[1-2],现在已成为我国热带、南亚热带地区主要造林的珍贵用材树种之一,台湾、云南、海南、广东、广西、福建、四川、贵州等省区70多个县市均有引种四旁或规模种植[3]。1960 年前后,云南省在德宏州建立了畹町、勐秀、陇川和盈江4 个柚木林场,先后造林 780 hm2[4],其中畹町林场依然保存有上个世纪60 年代柚木人工林133.33 hm2,被作为种质资源保存和母树林经营。云南省河口县1961 年开始零星种植,1980 年开始规模种植[5]。据不完全统计,河口县现有柚木人工林面积已达3 333.33 hm2,整个红河州发展了柚木人工林共4 666.67 hm2,是云南省柚木人工林面积最多的地区之一。但早期引种种植的种源因来源不清,植后5~6 a许多个体树干顶端开花,造成顶端分叉早,主干材低,树木高生长和木材出材率均受影响[6]。种源试验及种源选择是林木育种中最基本的、重要工作内容之一[7-9],而林木良种是营造速生、丰产、优质人工林的物质基础,使用良种是提高林业生产力最有效、最经济的一种科学技术措施[2]。因此,通过优良种源的选择,做到适地适树适种源,在提高木材产量和质量的同时,也为林木长期的选育提供丰富的育种材料。 “七五”国家科技攻关-“柚木种源选择”子课题,收集了国内外柚木种源/家系,在河口县开展了多个种源/家系试验,本文对其中的一个柚木种源/家系试验林29 年生的保存率、生长性状和形质性状进行种源/家系间差异分析和综合选择,旨在为当地选出适宜的、速生和主干材高的优良种源或家系,以推动当地柚木人工林的发展。

    • 试验点位于云南省河口县南溪镇安家河村委会马场村白鹤冲(22°41′ N,103°56′ E)。海拔370~395 m,坡度10°~15°。年均气温22.6 ℃,极端最低温1.9 ℃,极端最高温40.9 ℃;年降雨量1 789 mm,干湿季明显,雨季5—10 月,旱季11 月至翌年4 月;年均相对湿度85%。土壤为石灰岩发育的中壤质黄红壤,pH值6.0。主要植被为中平树(Macaranga deniculata (Bl.) Muell. Arg.)、木瓜榕(Ficus auriculata Lour.)、绒毛番龙眼(Pometia tomentosa (Bl.)Teysm. et Binn)、任木(Zenia insgnis Chin.)大叶紫珠(Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl)、柔枝莠竹(Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A. Camus)等。

    • 参试种源/家系34 个(表1),其中种源25 个,家系9 个,除6 个种源来自原产地外,其余种源/家系均从我国早期引种栽培、已适应引种地气候和土壤条件的片林或四旁树中,选9~20 株优树采种混合作为该引种地的种源,以河口县当地引种的柚木人工林作为对照种源。试验采用完全随机区组设计,双行小区(4株/小区),8 次重复,株行距3 m × 3 m。1987年5月20~22日种植。种植前后未施肥,仅第1~2 a每年人工除草松土3 次,第3~4 a用除草剂除草。

      种源/家系号
      No. of prov./fam.
      种源/家系名称
      Name of prov./fam.
      种子采集地
      Place of seed collected
      纬度
      Latitude
      经度
      Longitude
      海拔高
      Altitude/m
      年均温
      Temperature/°C
      年降雨量
      Rainfall/mm
      1007达府/泰国泰国达府16°49′98°36′22027.01 644
      1008帕府/泰国泰国帕府18°13′99°59′20027.01 100
      1306南邦/泰国泰国南邦18°40′99°55′35026.01 260
      1307南邦/泰国泰国南邦18°40′99°55′35026.01 260
      1308帕府/泰国泰国帕府18°00′99°45′17527.01 100
      7564#尖峰/[缅甸]海南乐东县尖峰岭18°40′108°50′15024.51 500
      83317石牌/[缅甸]广东广州华南农业大学23°05′113°20′6321.91 728
      2167陇川/[缅甸]云南德宏州陇川县24°16′97°52′92019.01 653
      8417龙洞/[缅甸]广东广州龙洞广东省林科院23°05′113°20′2021.91 728
      8463梅花园/[缅甸]广东广州梅花园23°04′113°20′1021.91 728
      8508平远/[新加坡]广东梅州市平远24°35′115°54′14820.71 636
      7500#尖峰/[缅甸]海南乐东县尖峰岭18°40′108°50′13024.51 500
      7506#尖峰/[缅甸]海南乐东县尖峰岭18°40′108°50′13024.51 500
      7516#尖峰/[缅甸]海南乐东县尖峰岭18°40′108°50′13024.51 500
      7517#尖峰/[缅甸]海南乐东县尖峰岭18°40′108°50′13024.51 500
      7521#尖峰/[缅甸]海南乐东县尖峰岭18°40′108°50′13024.51 500
      8601曼德勒/缅甸缅甸曼德勒22°10′96°15′23026.5870
      8604普文/[缅甸]云南版纳州景洪市普文试验林场22°25′100°58′98020.11 655
      8602瑞丽/[缅甸]云南德宏州瑞丽市政府大院内24°01′97°55′80020.11 402
      8410城子营/[缅甸]云南德宏州陇川林场城子营24°16′97°51′98019.01 653
      8407姐勒/[缅甸]云南德宏州瑞丽市姐勒乡贷门寨24°01′97°50′77520.01 006
      8450#畹町/[缅甸]早熟窄云南德宏州畹町林场院内24°05′98°05′88020.41 550
      8451#畹町/[缅甸] 常绿云南德宏州畹町林场24°05′98°05′86020.41 550
      77103#畹町/[缅甸]云南德宏州畹町林场24°05′98°05′82020.41 550
      8411邦巴/[缅甸]云南德宏州盈江县邦巴林场24°30′97°55′35020.81 055
      8402勐仑/[缅甸]云南版纳州勐腊县勐仑植物园21°41′101°25′55021.41 500
      8605景洪/[缅甸]云南版纳州景洪市果木场22°01′101°05′60021.91 196
      8620小寨/缅甸]云南版纳州景洪市郊小寨22°01′101°05′59021.91 196
      7787热作所/[泰国]云南版纳州景洪市热作所22°01′101°05′58021.91 196
      8443林管所/[老挝]云南版纳州勐腊县勐棒村21°29′101°34′64020.91 525
      8444党校/[老挝]云南版纳州景洪市郊21°52′101°04′57021.71 217
      8603尖峰/[缅甸]海南乐东县尖峰12KM18°40′108°50′16024.51 500
      85131(CK)河口/[缅甸]云南红河州河口县城关镇22°30′103°57′13722.61 789
      8507松口/[印尼]广东梅州市梅县松口24°18′116°07′12721.51 644
      注:种源/家系名称中的[]表示最初引种的原产国,种源/家系号带#为家系,下同
        Notes: Square brackets [] means original provenance in the column of name for provenance and family, and the number marked with # is family. The same below

      Table 1.  The basic information of provenances and families tested

    • 于造林后的2、4、6和8 a,每木调查试验林种源/家系的树高和胸径;鉴于29 年生种源/家系的保存率均不高,仅调查了种源/家系各小区的保存率、小区优势木树高、胸径、主干材高与树干通直度,来综合评价种源和家系。树干通直度按5 级(1 级最差,有3 段以上严重弯曲;5 级最好,无弯曲通直圆满)进行评分[10]。单株材积计算公式[11]为:

      V=0.478 7 × DBH2 × H/10 000

      采用GENSTAT统计分析软件[12]进行方差分析(保存率反正弦转换)、邓肯多重比较和相关分析。以29 年生种源/家系的保存率(SR)、优势木的树高(Hdt)、胸径(DBHdt)、单株材积(Vdt)、树干通直度得分(ST)和主干材高(Hb)等6 个性状进行主分量分析,根据累积贡献率大于85%的原则[13],选取主分量,以种源/家系在选取的每个主分量得分,按各主分量贡献率在累积贡献率的权重计算综合评价值,以20%的入选率评定优良种源/家系。

      主成分分析的主分量得分方程[14-15]为,

      式中$ {Y}_{\alpha } $为某一种源/家系在第α主分量得分值(α=1,2,3),$ {\mu }_{\alpha 1} $$ {\mu }_{\alpha 2} $$ {\mu }_{\alpha 3} $分别为性状1、2…..6在第α主分量的特征向量,X1、X2…….X6分别为性状1、2…..6的原数据,$\overline {X} $1$\overline {X} $2…..$\overline {X} $6为性状1、2…..6的原数据总平均值,S1、S2…..S6为性状1、2…..6的原数据标准差。

      种源/家系遗传力和遗传增益[16]由以下公式得出:

      遗传力:h2 = 1-1/F

      遗传增益:∆G= S ·h2· $\overline {X} $-1

      式中:F为方差分析的F值;S为某一性状入选种源/家系均值与该性状全体种源/家系均值($\overline {X} $)的选择差。

    2.   结果与分析
    • 各年份的柚木种源/家系保存率的方差分析结果表明:除29 年生种源/家系的保存率种源/家系间差异呈极显著外,其它年份的差异不显著。2 年生试验林保存率为61.73%,至8 年生时变化不大,保存率为55.05%,仅下降了6.68%(表2);但随着年份增加,低于50%保存率的种源/家系数也在增加,2、4、6和8 年生分别有4、7、7和8 个。

      年份
      Year
      2 年生
      2-year-old
      4 年生
      4-year-old
      6 年生
      6-year-old
      8 年生
      8-year-old
      29 年生
      29-year-old
      保存率 Survival rate /%34.4~81.231.2~78.131.2~78.128.1~78.14.2~62.5
      平均 Mean /%61.73 ± 10.2957.49 ± 12.2056.11 ± 11.1755.05 ± 10.3928.96 ± 8.91
      FF value1.27ns1.33 ns1.30 ns1.38 ns2.49***
      F检验 Fpr0.1600.1180.1410.091<.001

      Table 2.  The survival rates and variation analysis of provenances and families at different ages

      8 年生到29 年生的保存率下降幅度比较大(表3),降了49.23%,仅有2个种源保存率高于50%。其中降幅最大的是家系7517#,降了85.18%,29年生保存率仅为4.17%;降幅最小的是种源8410,仅降了4.75%,为保存率最高的种源;即使是当地对照种源85131,其保存率从65.62%降到45.83%,降了30.16%。29 年生保存率有4个种源/家系(8410、8407、7500#和8411)高于或等于对照种源。

      种源/家系
      Prov./fam.
      8 年生保存率/%
      Survival rate in
      8 year-old
      29 年生保存率/%
      Survival rate in
      29 year-old
      与8 年生差值Δ/%
      difference
      种源/家系
      Prov./fam.
      8 年生保存率/%
      Survival rate in
      8 year-old
      29 年生保存率/%
      Survival rate in
      29 year-old
      与8 年生差值Δ/%
      difference
      8410 65.62 ± 9.38 a 62.50 ± 14.07a −3.12 77103# 50.00 ± 12.50 a 25.00 ± 9.13 bcdef −25.00
      8407 78.12 ± 5.66 a 54.17 ± 7.68ab −23.95 7787 62.50 ± 11.57 a 25.00 ± 6.45 bcdef −37.50
      7500# 55.12 ± 6.51 a 45.83 ± 7.68abc −9.29 1007 50.00 ± 17.03 a 20.83 ± 10.03 bcdef −29.17
      8411 62.50 ± 4.72 a 45.83 ± 11.93abc −16.67 1306 50.00 ± 9.45 a 20.83 ± 10.03 bcdef −29.17
      85131(CK) 65.62 ± 9.38 a 45.83 ± 11.93abc −19.79 8417 59.38 ± 9.38 a 20.83 ± 7.68 bcdef −38.55
      7564# 68.75 ± 9.15 a 41.67 ± 8.33abcd −27.08 8463 56.25 ± 11.33 a 20.83 ± 7.68 bcdef −35.42
      8602 59.38 ± 8.10 a 41.67 ± 8.33 abcd −17.71 8450# 53.12 ± 11.02 a 16.67 ± 12.36 cdef −36.45
      8402 71.88 ± 8.76 a 41.67 ± 8.33 abcd −30.21 8605 65.62 ± 12.44 a 16.67 ± 12.36 cdef −48.95
      8603 65.62 ± 11.51 a 41.67 ± 13.94 abcd −23.95 8620 43.75 ± 12.27 a 16.67 ± 5.27 cdef −27.08
      2167 59.38 ± 12.44 a 37.50 ± 14.07 abcde −21.88 8444 40.62 ± 15.63 a 16.67 ± 12.36 cdef −23.95
      8508 50.00 ± 11.57 a 37.50 ± 8.54 abcde −12.50 1008 34.38 ± 10.50 a 12.50 ± 8.54 def −21.88
      7506# 56.25 ± 9.15 a 37.50 ± 5.59 abcde −18.75 83317 56.25 ± 13.15 a 12.50 ± 8.54 def −43.75
      7521# 62.50 ± 10.56 a 37.50 ± 5.59 abcde −25.00 8601 40.62 ± 9.38 a 8.33 ± 5.27 ef −32.29
      1307 46.88 ± 11.02 a 29.17 ± 10.03 bcdef −17.71 8443 31.25 ± 9.15 a 8.33 ± 5.27 ef −22.92
      1308 62.50 ± 9.45 a 29.17 ± 4.17 bcdef −33.33 7517# 28.13 ± 11.02 a 4.17 ± 4.17 f −23.96
      7516# 56.25 ± 11.33 a 29.17 ± 7.68 bcdef −27.08 平均 Average 55.05 ± 10.39 28.96 ± 8.91 −26.09
      8604 59.38 ± 12.44 a 29.17 ± 10.03 bcdef −30.21 FF value 1.38 ns 2.49***
      8507 38.44 ± 8.22 a 26.31 ± 6.82 bcdef −12.13 F检验 Fpr 0.091 <.001
      8451# 65.62 ± 8.10 a 25.00 ± 12.91 bcdef −40.62
      注:ns 表示差异不显著;*、**、***分别表示在0.05水平差异显著、0.01水平和<0.001差异极显著。下同
        Notes:ns was no significant difference; *, ** and *** were respectively significant difference at 0.05 level, high significant difference at 0.01 level and at <0.001 level. The sample below

      Table 3.  Duncan multiple comparison at 0.05 level for survival rates of provenances and families in 8-year-old and 29-year-old

    • 不同年份柚木种源/家系生长和形质方差分析结果(表4)表明:2~8 年生种源/家系间平均树高、平均胸径和单株材积生长的差异均达极显著(p<0.001),而小区优势木差异由2和4 年生的不显著或显著到6和8 年生的极显著;29 年生种源/家系间优势木生长和形质性状的差异极显著,尤其是树高、胸径、树干通直度和主干材高的差异在p<0.001水平极显著。2~8 年生最好的种源/家系平均树高、平均胸径和平均单株材积分别是生长最差的1.38~1.91 倍、1.63~2.18 倍和3.82~5.17 倍。29 年生最好种源优势木的树高、胸径、单株材积、树干通直度和主干材高分别是最差种源的1.81 倍、1.87 倍、4.84 倍、2.18 倍和12.89 倍,由此可见通过种源/家系间选择可获较大增益。

      性状
      Triats
      2 年生
      2-year-old
      4 年生
      4-year-old
      6 年生
      6-year-old
      8 年生
      8-year-old
      29 年生
      29-year-old
      平均树高
      H
      变幅 Range /m1.60~3.053.91~6.507.02~11.179.42~12.9917.35~28.20
      均值 Mean /m2.22 ± 0.045.16 ± 0.098.75 ± 0.1111.09 ± 0.1223.33 ± 1.30
      FF value3.86***3.40***4.71***4.13***7.48***
      F检验 F test<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001
      平均胸径
      DBH
      变幅 Range /cm2.02~4.404.34~7.227.35~12.009.37~15.8620.62~36.44
      均值 Mean /cm3.20 ± 0.075.41 ± 0.099.66 ± 0.1412.37 ± 0.1830.13 ± 2.46
      FF value3.19***3.90***3.99***4.10***5.59***
      F检验 F test<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001
      平均单株材积
      V
      变幅 Range /m30.000 6~0.003 10.005 0~0.019 10.019 5~0.081 80.044 0~0.180 70.390~1.908
      均值 Mean /m30.001 8 ± 0.000 10.010 8 ± 0.000 50.051 0 ± 0.001 80.102 9 ± 0.003 51.203 ± 0.244
      FF value3.01***3.73***4.08***4.10***4.77***
      F检验 F test<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001
      优势木树高
      Hdt
      变幅 Range /m1.86~3.543.99~7.716.64~12.308.22~14.3616.14~29.28
      均值 Mean /m2.72 ± 0.065.98 ± 0.149.90 ± 0.1712.28 ± 0.1724.59 ± 0.37
      FF value1.39ns1.40ns2.07**1.97**4.07***
      F检验 F test0.0900.0860.0010.003<0.001
      优势木胸径
      DBHdt
      变幅 Range /cm2.72~5.184.16~8.137.97~13.9510.60~18.6321.96~41.14
      均值 Mean/cm4.07 ± 0.096.43 ± 0.1511.33 ± 0.2214.60 ± 0.2732.50 ± 0.73
      FF value1.16ns1.44ns1.90**2.37***2.74***
      F检验 F test0.2620.0670.004<0.001<0.001
      优势木单株材积
      Vdt
      变幅 Range /m30.000 9~0.005 30.003 6~0.028 50.025 9~0.115 80.059 3~0.252 30.485~2.348
      均值 Mean /m30.002 9 ± 0.000 20.015 9 ± 0.000 90.074 1 ± 0.003 40.147 0 ± 0.006 21.370 ± 0.080
      FF value1.49*1.60*1.79**2.02**1.93**
      F检验 F test0.0500.0270.0090.0020.007
      优势木树干通直度
      ST
      变幅 Range /m2.19~4.77
      均值 Mean /m3.91 ± 0.07
      FF value3.51***
      F检验 F test<0.001
      优势木主干材高
      Hb
      变幅 Range /m1.44~18.56
      均值 Mean /m12.02 ± 0.46
      FF value4.31***
      F检验 F test<0.001
      注:H, DBH, V, Hdt, DBHdt, Vdt, STHb分别为平均树高、平均胸径、平均单株材积、优势木树高、优势木胸径、优势木单株材积、优势木树干通直度和优势木主干材高
        Notes:H, DBH, V, Hdt, DBHdt, Vdt, ST and Hb represented respectively mean height, mean diameter at breast height, mean individual volume, mean height of dominant tree, mean diameter at breast height of dominant tree, mean individual volume of dominant tree, stem form of dominant tree and height of lossless bole of dominant tree. The same below

      Table 4.  Value and variation analysis of different traits at different age for teak provenances or families

    • 相关分析结果(表5)表明,29 年生优势木树高与2~8 年生优势木树高和单株材积的显著或极显著正相关;与优势木胸径相关性由2 年生的不显著相关到4~8 年生的显著或极显著相关;但与2~8 年生的保存率相关不显著。29 年生优势木胸径与保存率相关性由2 年生的显著相关到之后的4~8 年生极显著相关。29 年生优势木单株材积与保存率的相关性除2 年生不显著相关外,4~8 年生均显著相关。29 年生保存率与2~8 年生优势木树高、胸径、单株材积和保存率除2 年生树高外,其余均达到显著或极显著相关,尤其是在6~8 年生的相关性达p<0.001的极显著。29 年生优势木主干材高与树高仅从4 年生显著到6~8 年生极显著正相关,与2~8 年生的优势木胸径、单株材积和保存率相关性不显著;29 年生树干通直度与4~8 年生的优势木树高达极显著正相关。而同一年份的29 年生种源/家系各性状间的相关性,除树高与保存率、胸径与主干材高、保存率与主干材高和树干通直度间相关性不显著外,各性状相互间显著或极显著正相关,尤其是优势木树高分别与优势木的胸径、单株材积、主干材高和树干通直度在p<0.001水平上极显著正相关,而保存率与优势木的胸径和单株材积达极显著正相关。

      林龄/性状
      Ages/Traits
      29年生 29-year-old
      HdtDdtVdtSRHbST
      2 年生
      2-year-old
      优势木树高Hdt 0.438** 0.535** 0.478** 0.321ns 0.331ns 0.248ns
      优势木胸径DBHdt 0.337ns 0.575*** 0.459** 0.513** 0.205ns 0.264ns
      优势木单株材积Vdt 0.397* 0.543*** 0.477** 0.373* 0.255ns 0.245
      保存率SR 0.235ns 0.408* 0.337ns 0.526** 0.251ns 0.212ns
      4 年生
      4-year-old
      优势木树高Hdt 0.444** 0.606*** 0.484** 0.575*** 0.391* 0.489**
      优势木胸径DBHdt 0.404* 0.693*** 0.555*** 0.551*** 0.285ns 0.429*
      优势木单株材积Vdt 0.362* 0.602*** 0.473** 0.520** 0.294ns 0.371*
      保存率SR 0.302ns 0.477** 0.416* 0.625*** 0.256ns 0.247ns
      6 年生
      6-year-old
      优势木树高Hdt 0.426* 0.578*** 0.481** 0.550*** 0.448** 0.492**
      优势木胸径DBHdt 0.450** 0.741*** 0.621*** 0.596*** 0.271ns 0.352*
      优势木单株材积Vdt 0.397* 0.688*** 0.578*** 0.579*** 0.232ns 0.295ns
      保存率SR 0.249ns 0.448** 0.378* 0.658*** 0.265ns 0.266ns
      8 年生
      8-year-old
      优势木树高Hdt 0.531** 0.608*** 0.548*** 0.654*** 0.576*** 0.629***
      优势木胸径DBHdt 0.510** 0.773*** 0.690*** 0.579*** 0.315ns 0.359ns
      优势木单株材积Vdt 0.507** 0.762*** 0.698*** 0.594*** 0.330ns 0.373*
      保存率SR 0.230ns 0.459** 0.368* 0.694*** 0.275ns 0.307ns
      29 年生
      29-year-old
      优势木树高Hdt 0.741*** 0.817*** 0.275ns 0.586*** 0.633***
      优势木胸径DBHdt 0.741*** 0.953*** 0.557*** 0.322ns 0.441**
      优势木单株材积Vdt 0.817*** 0.953*** 0.482** 0.342* 0.424*
      保存率SR 0.275ns 0.557*** 0.482** 0.226ns 0.296ns
      优势木主干材高Hb 0.586*** 0.322ns 0.342* 0.226ns 0.765***
      优势木树干通直度ST 0.633*** 0.441** 0.424* 0.296ns 0.765***
      注:Sr 代表种源或家族的存活率
        Notes: SR represented survival rate of provenance or family

      Table 5.  Correlation analysis of different traits between different ages and 29-year-old for teak provenances or families

    • 5个年份种源/家系优势木的生长性状和保存率的主成分分析结果(表6)表明,5个年份前两个主分量累积贡献率为96.13%~98.46%,说明前两个主分量包括了种源/家系生长和保存率的绝大部分信息,其综合得分值能反映出种源/家系在生长和保存率上的综合表现。以各年份得分排序的前10 名和倒数10 名的种源/家系来评判它们的变化。从表6可以看出,2~8 年生前10 名种源/家系排序与29 年生的比较相同率,从6 年生开始就保持了50%的相同率,也就是说,6 年生开始选择优良种源/家系,早期选择有50%的选准率,其中种源8402、8602和8603一直在前5 名内,这3 个种源/家系选准率在前5 位的选准率达100%;同样最差的后10 名,2~8 年生的种源/家系与29 年生的相同率达70%~80%,因此,早期选择时,淘汰最差的种源/家系选准率至少能达到70%。

      排名
      Ranking
      2年生
      2-year-old
      4年生
      4-year-old
      6年生
      6-year-old
      8年生
      8-year-old
      29年生
      29-year-old
      种源/家系
      Prov./fam.
      得分
      Scores
      种源/家系
      Prov./fam.
      得分
      Scores
      种源/家系
      Prov./fam.
      得分
      Scores
      种源/家系
      Prov./fam.
      得分
      Scores
      种源/家系
      Prov./fam.
      得分
      Scores
      1 2167 0.140 4 8603 0.136 5 8603 0.094 1 8603 0.115 9 8410 0.166 7
      2 8402 0.128 3 2167 0.129 8 2167 0.093 1 8402 0.056 2 8407 0.110 9
      3 8602 0.105 5 8402 0.128 7 8402 0.066 7 8602 0.055 5 8603 0.110 3
      4 8507 0.071 4 8602 0.075 9 8602 0.061 3 2167 0.047 4 7564 0.065 7
      5 8603 0.048 8 85131 0.073 2 8507 0.048 7 8407 0.047 1 85131 0.061 1
      6 8417 0.043 8 8411 0.066 1 85131 0.047 7 8508 0.039 0 8602 0.054 7
      7 85131 0.043 4 8620 0.038 5 8407 0.045 5 8620 0.037 0 7506 0.049 6
      8 1306 0.041 0 8451# 0.037 3 1307 0.042 9 8604 0.034 8 8402 0.038 8
      9 1007 0.036 7 1307 0.031 3 8604 0.039 5 1307 0.032 6 7500 0.031 6
      10 8620 0.032 4 8507 0.028 4 8417 0.025 6 8507 0.032 4 8508 0.027 5
      : : : : : : : : : : :
      25 7506# −0.033 9 83317 −0.028 6 7506# −0.015 1 8605 −0.025 1 1306 −0.027 2
      26 7787 −0.036 5 1306 −0.037 0 1306 −0.029 7 83317 −0.027 6 7787 −0.032 6
      27 7564# −0.038 2 1308 −0.043 6 83317 −0.036 2 1306 −0.038 7 8417 −0.057 3
      28 8605 −0.043 2 8601 −0.060 3 8444 −0.044 9 8444 −0.039 5 8605 −0.059 8
      29 1308 −0.053 4 7521 −0.061 2 1308 −0.061 1 1308 −0.052 0 1008 −0.061 4
      30 8450# −0.056 7 8450# −0.071 4 8450# −0.065 4 8443 −0.072 3 8444 −0.072 1
      31 8601 −0.066 5 8444 −0.072 7 8601 −0.077 2 8601 −0.073 8 8450# −0.084 0
      32 8443 −0.099 4 1008 −0.088 1 8443 −0.084 8 8450# −0.087 3 8443 −0.109 3
      33 1008 −0.103 2 8443 −0.097 6 1008 −0.101 2 1008 −0.090 6 8601 −0.132 0
      34 7517# −0.140 8 7517# −0.181 4 7517# −0.134 4 7517# −0.134 9 7517# −0.137 9
      累积贡献率/%
      Accumulative contribution rate
      96.13 97.34 97.17 97.54 98.46
      前10相同率/%
      The top ten same rates
      40.00 40.00 50.00 50.00 100.00
      后10相同率/%
      The last ten same rates
      70.00 70.00 70.00 80.00 100.00

      Table 6.  The first two principal component score values and ranking of teak provenances and families

    • 29 年生柚木种源/家系的优势木生长性状、形质性状和保存率的主成分分析结果(表7)表明,前三个主分量累积贡献率达97.63%,根据累积贡献率大于85%的原则[13],取前三个主分量已包含了种源/家系不同性状的绝大部分信息,可满足分析要求。第一主分量以保存率对该主分量贡献最大,其次是单株材积,反映了第一主分量是以种源/家系适应性为主,兼顾了生长性状,且第一主分量各性状均为正值,具正向效应;第二主分量则以反映出材率的主干材高最大,其次是保存率,除保存率外,其它均是正值,反映了形质性状的正向贡献,适应性则为负向贡献;第三主分量以生长性状的单株材积最大,其次为主干材高,除生长性状为正值外,其它为负值,第三主分量则代表了种源/家系的生长性状。

      项目 ItemPC1PC2PC3
      特征向量
      Latent vectors
      优势木树高 Hdt0.133 080.191 430.162 80
      优势木胸径 Ddt0.217 900.071 610.296 38
      优势木单株材积 Vdt0.452 440.231 790.731 23
      优势木树干通直度 ST0.151 700.262 81−0.115 23
      优势木主干材高 Hb0.308 260.744 15−0.485 37
      保存率 SR0.782 35−0.530 73−0.319 54
      特征根 Latent roots0.007 8950.003 1670.001 888
      贡献率 Percentage variation/%59.5223.8814.23
      累积贡献率 Cumulative percentage variation/%59.5283.4097.63

      Table 7.  Principal component analysis of multiple traits of teak provenances and families in 29-year-old

      表7的各性状主分量矩阵,求得3 个主分量方程:

      式中,$ \tilde{x} $1$ \tilde{x} $6分别代表了树高、胸径、单株材积、保存率、通直度和主干材高,为标准化变量,$ \tilde{x} $ =(某性状原始数据−该性状平均值)/该性状标准差。由上述方程计算出每个种源/家系在各主分量中的得分值,综合评价得分(表8)则由各主分量贡献率在累积贡献率中的权重得出综合评价函数F求得:

      种源/家系
      Prov./Fam.
      得分 Scores排名
      Ranking
      种源/家系
      Prov./Fam.
      得分 Scores排名
      Ranking
      Y1Y2Y3FY1Y2Y3F
      8410 0.122 6 −0.019 0 0.005 5 0.109 1 1 8451# 0.002 2 0.016 6 −0.007 6 0.011 2 18
      8603 0.082 4 0.007 8 0.007 2 0.097 4 2 7500 0.034 0 −0.016 8 −0.007 6 0.009 6 19
      8407 0.083 5 −0.017 5 0.001 7 0.067 7 3 8507 −0.018 9 0.015 9 0.012 1 0.009 1 20
      8602 0.039 4 0.012 3 0.006 4 0.058 1 4 8604 0.005 8 −0.004 4 0.005 5 0.006 9 21
      85131(CK) 0.063 9 0.000 7 −0.007 1 0.057 5 5 7516 0.001 6 −0.001 6 0.000 1 0.000 1 22
      7564# 0.050 9 −0.005 4 0.001 4 0.046 9 6 8463 −0.012 6 0.006 6 0.004 6 −0.001 4 23
      1007 0.008 2 0.023 5 −0.000 3 0.031 3 7 7787 −0.013 2 0.006 4 −0.006 3 −0.013 0 24
      8508 0.032 2 0.000 7 −0.004 9 0.027 9 8 1008 −0.035 2 0.022 6 −0.003 9 −0.016 5 25
      8402 0.037 0 −0.007 5 −0.004 1 0.025 5 9 2167 −0.000 3 −0.024 0 0.000 2 −0.024 2 26
      8411 0.040 3 −0.008 5 −0.011 9 0.019 9 10 77103# −0.021 9 −0.010 4 0.005 5 −0.026 8 27
      1307 0.014 0 0.007 4 −0.001 5 0.019 9 11 8605 −0.042 7 0.006 3 −0.002 5 −0.038 9 28
      7521 0.026 8 −0.003 1 −0.004 2 0.019 5 12 8444 −0.044 5 0.009 8 −0.006 9 −0.041 5 29
      1308 0.012 0 0.010 7 −0.005 8 0.016 8 13 8417 −0.049 9 −0.010 3 −0.001 1 −0.061 3 30
      8620 −0.008 0 0.016 9 0.006 8 0.015 7 14 8443 −0.090 9 −0.003 0 −0.000 7 −0.094 6 31
      7506# 0.023 6 −0.016 3 0.006 7 0.014 0 15 8450# −0.078 9 −0.018 6 0.000 9 −0.096 7 32
      83317 −0.017 3 0.012 0 0.017 3 0.012 1 16 8601 −0.108 5 −0.010 1 −0.003 7 −0.122 3 33
      1306 −0.005 1 0.022 2 −0.005 8 0.011 3 17 7517# −0.132 6 −0.022 1 0.004 3 −0.150 4 34

      Table 8.  Principal component score values and ranking of teak provenances and families

      F=0.609 65 Y1+0.244 60 Y2+0.145 75 Y3

      根据各种源/家系在表8中综合得分F值排名,以20%的入选率选出了7个优良种源/家系:8410、8603、8407、8602、85131(CK)、7564#和1007,其中前4 个种源大于对照种源85131,尤其是种源8410和8603,它们的综合得分显著高于对照种源,分别是对照种源的1.90倍和1.69倍。若以10%的入选率则选出3个大于对照的优良种源:8410、8603和8407。

      表9可以看出,29 年生优势木各生长性状和形质性状的遗传力以主干材高、树高和树干通直度的遗传力最高,在0.71~0.77之间,单株材积生长的遗传力最低,为0.48。按20%入选率选出7个种源/家系的树高、胸径、单株材积、树干通直度和主干材高的遗传增益分别为7.92%、9.39%、14.74%、7.06%和12.29%,而按10%入选率选出3 个种源/家系的树高、胸径、单株材积、树干通直度和主干材高的遗传增益分别为9.08%、13.78%、18.35%、4.60%和1.43%(表9),显而按10%入选率,提高了种源/家系的生长性状的遗传增益,但降低了形质性状的遗传增益。

      入选率
      Selection
      proportion/%
      种源/家系
      Provenances/
      families
      树高Hdt 胸径Ddt 单株材积Vdt 树干通直度ST 主干材高Hb
      遗传力
      Heritability
      遗传增益
      ∆G/%
      遗传力
      Heritability
      遗传增益
      ∆G/%
      遗传力
      Heritability
      遗传增益
      ∆G/%
      遗传力
      Heritability
      遗传增益
      ∆G/%
      遗传力
      Heritability
      遗传增益
      ∆G/%
      10 8410、8603、8407 0.754 4 9.08 0.635 6 13.78 0.481 0 18.35 0.715 3 4.60 0.768 2 1.43
      20 8410、8603、8407、8602、85131(CK)、7564#、1007 0.754 4 7.92 0.635 6 9.39 0.481 0 14.74 0.715 3 7.06 0.768 2 12.29

      Table 9.  Heritability and genetic gain of teak provenances and families selected in 29-year-old

    3.   讨论
    • (1)29 年生试验林的种源/家系保存率总体上均不高,与早期试验林的保存率呈极显著正相关,2 年生时的试验林保存率也才61.73%。但该试验林密度未进行过人为干预,是自然适应选择和淘汰的结果。本试验初始造林密度为1 111 株·hm−2,即使29 年生保存率仅20%~30%,也可达到林业行业标准培育柚木大径材的最终保留220 株·hm−2~370 株·hm−2[17]的密度控制要求。本试验的大部分种源/家系29 年生保存率在30%以上,而相关分析结果也表明,胸径、单株材积与保存率呈极显著正相关,也即生长好的种源/家系,其保存率也高,琼西南种源/家系试验结果也证实了这一点[18]。从本试验选出的7个优良种源/家系来看,除1个种源外,其他6个种源29 年生保存率均在40%以上,如进行更早的密度控制,可达到培育大径材柚木的目的。该试验林测定区内29 年生胸径大于35 cm的林木68 株,单位面积大径级柚木达92 株·hm−2,其中,最大胸径达到57.0 cm。此外,胸径在25~35 cm间的柚木为122 株·hm−2。因此,只要在适宜立地,选择优良种源或家系,再加以高效培育技术,如早期加强施肥,郁闭前后进行适当抹芽修枝与抚育间伐,可以缩短柚木轮伐期,在云南河口或类似地区采用25~30 a轮伐期培育出柚木大径材是切实可行的,而国外采用无性系和集约栽培技术,轮伐期可以缩短到20~30 a[19]

      (2)林木生长周期长,尤其是珍贵用材树种,早期选择是缩短育种周期的一种有效途径,但存在一定风险,确定选择年龄太早,选准率太低,如琼西南30.5 年生柚木种源/家系试验,4.5 年生优良种源早期选择的选准率仅33.33%[18],其它树种也存在这种情况,江西大岗山31 年生杉木种源试验,5和10 年生的早期选择选准率分别为18.18%和33.33%[9],但随着选择年龄的增加,选准率随之提高,本研究也说明这一点,与29年生相比,2和4 年生排前10 位优良种源/家系选准率均为40%,而6和8 年生的选准率为50%,反之,对排后10 位的种源/家系来说,选准率则远高于排前10 位的种源/家系,2、4和6 年生的选准率均为70%,8 年生的选准率则为80%,因此,早期选择生长差的种源/家系的选准率会较高。本研究缺乏8 年生以后的观测数据,难以确定优良种源/家系选准率达到70%~80%的早期选择年龄。

      (3)柚木为圆锥花序顶生或腋生[1,20],第一次开花往往是主干顶端分生组织转变顶端花芽,主干花序下面的腋生分生组织会继续营养生长,从而导致主干的分叉[21]。因此,柚木第一次开花年龄决定了通直未分叉主干的高度[22],这种特性主要受遗传因素的影响[23]。在海南尖峰岭引种的多个缅甸和印度种源中,发现早花的3 a,迟花的至15 a尚未见开花[24]。柚木早花形成过早分叉,降低了主干材高,间接减少了木材的材积[25];开花后顶端生长受抑制,下部潜伏芽萌发,形成枝条,也会造成主干材高降低。因此,推迟开花被认为是一个潜在的重要育种目标[26-27]。本研究结果表明,主干材高与生长性状的树高生长呈极显著的正相关,与材积生长呈显著的正相关,也与形质性状的树干通直度呈极显著的正相关;而树干通直度与生长性状的树高、胸径和材积生长呈显著或极显著的正相关,且随着树龄增加,29 年生主干材高和树干通直度与树高生长的相关性更紧密。因此,选择树高和材积生长表现优异的种源/家系,提高了这些种源/家系的主干材高和树干通直度,有利于对迟花柚木种源/家系的间接选择。

    4.   结论
    • 29 年生柚木种源/家系间保存率、优势木的树高、胸径、单株材积、树干通直度和主干材高差异极显著,种源/家系间变异极大,通过种源/家系的选择,可获得较大的遗传增益。树高、主干材高和树干通直度具较高的遗传力,在0.71~0.77间,单株材积生长遗传力较低,为0.48。优势木的平均树高与其平均胸径、单株材积、主干材高和树干通直度呈极显著正相关,保存率与优势木的平均胸径和单株材积呈极显著正相关。对生长、适应性和形质性状径向主成分分析综合选择优良种源/家系,按20%的入选率评选出了7个优良种源/家系(8410、8603、8407、8602、85131、7564#和1007),它们的树高、胸径、单株材积、树干通直度和主干材高的遗传增益分别为7.92%、9.39%、14.74%、7.06%和12.29%,其中来自云南陇川林场种源8410和海南尖峰岭种源8603更适宜当地生长。

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