2012 Vol. 25, No. 2
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2012, 25(2): 111-116.
[Abstract]
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Abstract:
21 129 non-redundant clusters, containing 3 818 contigs and 17 311 singletons, were identified from a total of 31 308 publicly available Musa EST sequences. 4 944 (23.40%) of them contained 5 416(25.63%) SSR motifs, and the di-(21.80%), tri-(52.55%) and tetra-nucleotide (14.55%) are the main motifs of all SSRs obtained. AG/CT repeats were dominant in di-nucleotide motif, AAG/CTT and AGG/CCT repeats were dominant in tri-nucleotide motif, AAAG/CTTT and AAAT/ATTT repeats were dominant in tetra-nucleotide motif. 238 EST sequences were randomly selected on molecular markers development, for PCR amplification and polymorphism analysis in Musella lasiocarpa. Of which, 116 pairs of SSR primers successfully amplified PCR product and 78 pairs gave clear bands. 49 of them were found to be polymorphic. A set of 15 polymorphic SSR markers from above 49 SSR markers selected were analyzed using 24 individuals from 4 wild M. lasiocarpa populations. The average allele number of 3.067 per locus was detected with a range from 2 to 7. The observed heterozygosities per marker were ranged from 0.042 to 0.750 (mean 0.250) and expected heterozygosities were 0.232 to 0.823 (mean 0.522).
21 129 non-redundant clusters, containing 3 818 contigs and 17 311 singletons, were identified from a total of 31 308 publicly available Musa EST sequences. 4 944 (23.40%) of them contained 5 416(25.63%) SSR motifs, and the di-(21.80%), tri-(52.55%) and tetra-nucleotide (14.55%) are the main motifs of all SSRs obtained. AG/CT repeats were dominant in di-nucleotide motif, AAG/CTT and AGG/CCT repeats were dominant in tri-nucleotide motif, AAAG/CTTT and AAAT/ATTT repeats were dominant in tetra-nucleotide motif. 238 EST sequences were randomly selected on molecular markers development, for PCR amplification and polymorphism analysis in Musella lasiocarpa. Of which, 116 pairs of SSR primers successfully amplified PCR product and 78 pairs gave clear bands. 49 of them were found to be polymorphic. A set of 15 polymorphic SSR markers from above 49 SSR markers selected were analyzed using 24 individuals from 4 wild M. lasiocarpa populations. The average allele number of 3.067 per locus was detected with a range from 2 to 7. The observed heterozygosities per marker were ranged from 0.042 to 0.750 (mean 0.250) and expected heterozygosities were 0.232 to 0.823 (mean 0.522).
2012, 25(2): 117-122.
Abstract:
The patterns of two semi-fixed Artemisia ordosica communities outside the oasis on the northeast of Ulanbuhe desert irrigated by Yellow River and well water were analyzed with the method of Multiscale Ordination (MSO). The results showed that: in the communities outside the oasis irrigated by Yellow River, A. ordosica was not only the dominated species in the communities (the importance value was 45.26%) but also the greatest contributor to the pattern. It occupied a proportion of 83.84% of the vegetation with the contribution rate as high as 0.889 6. In the communities outside the oasis irrigated by well water, the contribution of species to the pattern was different from the importance value to community. A. ordosica was the dominated species in the communities (the importance value was 47.41%), but its contribution to the pattern decreased very much. It was inversely for Ammopiptanthus mongolicus and Nitraria tangutorum whose contribution to the pattern was much higher than the importance value to community. Comparing with other pattern characters of the two communities, it showed that the pattern number outside the oasis irrigated by well water was more and the pattern intensity of A. ordosica was lower.
The patterns of two semi-fixed Artemisia ordosica communities outside the oasis on the northeast of Ulanbuhe desert irrigated by Yellow River and well water were analyzed with the method of Multiscale Ordination (MSO). The results showed that: in the communities outside the oasis irrigated by Yellow River, A. ordosica was not only the dominated species in the communities (the importance value was 45.26%) but also the greatest contributor to the pattern. It occupied a proportion of 83.84% of the vegetation with the contribution rate as high as 0.889 6. In the communities outside the oasis irrigated by well water, the contribution of species to the pattern was different from the importance value to community. A. ordosica was the dominated species in the communities (the importance value was 47.41%), but its contribution to the pattern decreased very much. It was inversely for Ammopiptanthus mongolicus and Nitraria tangutorum whose contribution to the pattern was much higher than the importance value to community. Comparing with other pattern characters of the two communities, it showed that the pattern number outside the oasis irrigated by well water was more and the pattern intensity of A. ordosica was lower.
2012, 25(2): 123-129.
Abstract:
According to the structure-based forest management theory, the appraisal indices system of natural forest management efficiency was established from spatial utilization, species diversity, constructive species competition and tree composition, which could be used to depict stand status, and its metewand was given. Relative weight was endowed by The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), and then the conception of natural forest management efficiency comprehensive appraisal index was put forward for the first time and applied to four different sampling plots of natural forest, three of them from Dongdapo forest region, Jiaohe, Jilin province, and one from Baihua forest area, Xiaolongshan, Gansu province, China. The results are as following: the stand status was obviously improved after being managed and plot A, B got a mark of "medium" while C and D were "perfect". From high to low, the arrangement of forest management efficiency comprehensive appraisal index was C > D > A > B. This appraisal result abided by the phenomenon detected in the practical field. The forest management efficiency comprehensive appraisal index brought up in this paper could be taken as a way of comprehensive quantitative change of stand state which directly reflects the effort of forest management and affords scientific basis of natural forest management effort.
According to the structure-based forest management theory, the appraisal indices system of natural forest management efficiency was established from spatial utilization, species diversity, constructive species competition and tree composition, which could be used to depict stand status, and its metewand was given. Relative weight was endowed by The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), and then the conception of natural forest management efficiency comprehensive appraisal index was put forward for the first time and applied to four different sampling plots of natural forest, three of them from Dongdapo forest region, Jiaohe, Jilin province, and one from Baihua forest area, Xiaolongshan, Gansu province, China. The results are as following: the stand status was obviously improved after being managed and plot A, B got a mark of "medium" while C and D were "perfect". From high to low, the arrangement of forest management efficiency comprehensive appraisal index was C > D > A > B. This appraisal result abided by the phenomenon detected in the practical field. The forest management efficiency comprehensive appraisal index brought up in this paper could be taken as a way of comprehensive quantitative change of stand state which directly reflects the effort of forest management and affords scientific basis of natural forest management effort.
2012, 25(2): 130-137.
Abstract:
Precipitation is the primary water source of desert plants in arid regions. Nitraria tangutorum Bobr., a typical desert plants in Minqin County of Gansu Province, was used to reveal the effect of precipitation enhancement on the growth of desert plants. The morphology of N. tangutorum Bobr. branch and leaf was analyzed under different simulated rainfall gradients (increased 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of mean annual precipitation respectively). The results showed that the length, basal diameter and leaf number of N. tangutorum Bobr. branch were significantly promoted under 100% increased rainfall treatment in 2010 and 2011; the length, basal diameter and leaf number of N. tangutorum Bobr. branch was also promoted by the increased 75% rainfall treatment in 2011. The 75% increased rainfall had the most significant influences on the growth of absolute length of flower branch,the absolute basal diameter,the absolute number of new leaf and vegetative branch, the absolute number of new leave in June, and the growth of absolute number of mature leaf of flower branch, the absolute basal diameter and the absolute number of mature leaf of vegetative branch in September, the values were 1.20±0.35 cm, 0.012±0.004 cm, 4.35±2.51, 1.65±0.69 cm, 3.20±1.45, 2.15±0.69, 0.013±0.006 cm, and 2.20±1.10 respectively. The different morphological characteristics of N. tangutorum Bobr. branch, the absolute length of flower and vegetative branch growth, the absolute basal diameter growth and the absolute number of new and mature leaf growth significantly increased, and the threshold values in 2011 were lower than those in 2010. It was suggested that N. tangutorum Bobr. can adapt to different precipitation pattern by changing branch morphology.
Precipitation is the primary water source of desert plants in arid regions. Nitraria tangutorum Bobr., a typical desert plants in Minqin County of Gansu Province, was used to reveal the effect of precipitation enhancement on the growth of desert plants. The morphology of N. tangutorum Bobr. branch and leaf was analyzed under different simulated rainfall gradients (increased 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of mean annual precipitation respectively). The results showed that the length, basal diameter and leaf number of N. tangutorum Bobr. branch were significantly promoted under 100% increased rainfall treatment in 2010 and 2011; the length, basal diameter and leaf number of N. tangutorum Bobr. branch was also promoted by the increased 75% rainfall treatment in 2011. The 75% increased rainfall had the most significant influences on the growth of absolute length of flower branch,the absolute basal diameter,the absolute number of new leaf and vegetative branch, the absolute number of new leave in June, and the growth of absolute number of mature leaf of flower branch, the absolute basal diameter and the absolute number of mature leaf of vegetative branch in September, the values were 1.20±0.35 cm, 0.012±0.004 cm, 4.35±2.51, 1.65±0.69 cm, 3.20±1.45, 2.15±0.69, 0.013±0.006 cm, and 2.20±1.10 respectively. The different morphological characteristics of N. tangutorum Bobr. branch, the absolute length of flower and vegetative branch growth, the absolute basal diameter growth and the absolute number of new and mature leaf growth significantly increased, and the threshold values in 2011 were lower than those in 2010. It was suggested that N. tangutorum Bobr. can adapt to different precipitation pattern by changing branch morphology.
2012, 25(2): 138-143.
Abstract:
Seventeen Pinus elliottii×P. caribaea parental lines were assayed by Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) to evaluate the genetic diversity and determine the correlation between genetic distance and heterosis. The results indicated that there were abundant genetic polymorphisms at 14 SSR molecular markers in parents of hybrid pine, 57 alleles were detected in total, the percentage of polymorphic loci was 87.72%,and the average heterozygosity ranged between 0.144 4 and 0.884 1, the microsatellite loci could be used for genetic diversity evaluation in parents of hybrid pine. The results showed that there was significant relation or extremely significant relation between genetic distance and height, DBH and volume of heterosis. The correlative coefficients were 0.542 0, 0.641 2 and 0.639 3, and the determination coefficient were 0.293 8, 0.411 0 and 0.408 7. Since there existed a relative closer correlation between the genetic distance and height, DBH and volume of heterosis, it is feasible to predict the hybrid pines heterosis by SSR markers.
Seventeen Pinus elliottii×P. caribaea parental lines were assayed by Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) to evaluate the genetic diversity and determine the correlation between genetic distance and heterosis. The results indicated that there were abundant genetic polymorphisms at 14 SSR molecular markers in parents of hybrid pine, 57 alleles were detected in total, the percentage of polymorphic loci was 87.72%,and the average heterozygosity ranged between 0.144 4 and 0.884 1, the microsatellite loci could be used for genetic diversity evaluation in parents of hybrid pine. The results showed that there was significant relation or extremely significant relation between genetic distance and height, DBH and volume of heterosis. The correlative coefficients were 0.542 0, 0.641 2 and 0.639 3, and the determination coefficient were 0.293 8, 0.411 0 and 0.408 7. Since there existed a relative closer correlation between the genetic distance and height, DBH and volume of heterosis, it is feasible to predict the hybrid pines heterosis by SSR markers.
2012, 25(2): 144-149.
Abstract:
According to the high-throughput sequencing results of hazelnut buds, a 675 bp fragment, ChWRKY2, which encoded a polypeptide of 179 amino acids was obtained through RACE-PCR.The deduced protein sequence shows that this protein belongs to the second group of WRKY family and the zinc-finger structure is C-X4-C-X23-H-X1-H.The ChWRKY2 expression in hazelnut buds was analyzed under natural conditions and the result displayed that the expression level was the highest in December and then decreased. ChWRKY2 in leaves were rapidly and highly induced when suckers were exposed to low temperatures of 4 ℃,ChWRKY2 were activated at 8 h reaching a peak. the spatial expression analysis revealed that the transcription level of ChWRKY2 was relatively higher in male inflorescence than that in bud and bark tissues.
According to the high-throughput sequencing results of hazelnut buds, a 675 bp fragment, ChWRKY2, which encoded a polypeptide of 179 amino acids was obtained through RACE-PCR.The deduced protein sequence shows that this protein belongs to the second group of WRKY family and the zinc-finger structure is C-X4-C-X23-H-X1-H.The ChWRKY2 expression in hazelnut buds was analyzed under natural conditions and the result displayed that the expression level was the highest in December and then decreased. ChWRKY2 in leaves were rapidly and highly induced when suckers were exposed to low temperatures of 4 ℃,ChWRKY2 were activated at 8 h reaching a peak. the spatial expression analysis revealed that the transcription level of ChWRKY2 was relatively higher in male inflorescence than that in bud and bark tissues.
2012, 25(2): 150-156.
Abstract:
The cold resistance of 1-year-old grafted seedling of Sweet Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.)including three varieties of PRAKAYTONG, SRITONG and SRITONGBAO introduced from Thailand were tested for 15 days to measure and analyze the physiological and biochemical indexes of leaf related to cold resistance under treatment temperatures of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 ℃ separately. The results showed that the optimum temperature range for the growth of Sweet Tamarind was 20 30 ℃. When the temperature dropped to 15 ℃, the electrical conductivity, MDA, proline and soluble sucrose contents increased, the activities of POD increased at first and then decreased, while the leaf water content decreased with the decrease of temperatures. When the temperature dropped to 10 ℃, the changes of these indexes were more drastically and the seedling growth was inhibited. The six indexes showed similar changes with the prolonging treatment times of low temperature below 15 ℃ and the lower temperature, the more intense the changes. The integrated assess to the cold resistance magnitude of the three varieties of Sweet Tamarinds is as follows: SRITONG>SRITONGBAO>PRAKAYTONG, based on membership function method.
The cold resistance of 1-year-old grafted seedling of Sweet Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.)including three varieties of PRAKAYTONG, SRITONG and SRITONGBAO introduced from Thailand were tested for 15 days to measure and analyze the physiological and biochemical indexes of leaf related to cold resistance under treatment temperatures of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 ℃ separately. The results showed that the optimum temperature range for the growth of Sweet Tamarind was 20 30 ℃. When the temperature dropped to 15 ℃, the electrical conductivity, MDA, proline and soluble sucrose contents increased, the activities of POD increased at first and then decreased, while the leaf water content decreased with the decrease of temperatures. When the temperature dropped to 10 ℃, the changes of these indexes were more drastically and the seedling growth was inhibited. The six indexes showed similar changes with the prolonging treatment times of low temperature below 15 ℃ and the lower temperature, the more intense the changes. The integrated assess to the cold resistance magnitude of the three varieties of Sweet Tamarinds is as follows: SRITONG>SRITONGBAO>PRAKAYTONG, based on membership function method.
2012, 25(2): 157-162.
Abstract:
Compared with the species of Leuce section, the difficulty in plant regeneration during tissue culture for the species of Aigeiros section is a key limiting factor for their application in genetic engineering of forest trees. In this study, the plant growth regulators combination, copper concentration, light intensity, and the selection pressures of kanamycin were investigated using leaves of Populus×euramericana cl. 'Bofeng 1’ as explants, and a stable and high efficient regeneration system was established. Using this system, both the shoot regeneration rate and rooting rate were up to 100%, and the average number of differentiated shoots in each leaf explant was up to 20, and the survival rate of seedlings reached 98%. The optimal selection pressure of kanamycin in shoot inducement for leaf-explant was 40 mg·L-1, and the optimal selection pressure of kanamycin in root inducement of adventitious bud was 20 mg·L-1. The authors also found that differentiation rate of adventitious buds of Populus×euramericana cl. 'Bofeng 1’ could be significantly promoted by increased copper concentration, and this is the first report about the key role of copper (Cu) in explant regeneration of Poplars. This regeneration system with high frequency which was established by the authors was as good as that of species of Leuce section, and it provides a good technological platform for genetic engineering of forest tree which uses the species of Aigeiros section as model materials.
Compared with the species of Leuce section, the difficulty in plant regeneration during tissue culture for the species of Aigeiros section is a key limiting factor for their application in genetic engineering of forest trees. In this study, the plant growth regulators combination, copper concentration, light intensity, and the selection pressures of kanamycin were investigated using leaves of Populus×euramericana cl. 'Bofeng 1’ as explants, and a stable and high efficient regeneration system was established. Using this system, both the shoot regeneration rate and rooting rate were up to 100%, and the average number of differentiated shoots in each leaf explant was up to 20, and the survival rate of seedlings reached 98%. The optimal selection pressure of kanamycin in shoot inducement for leaf-explant was 40 mg·L-1, and the optimal selection pressure of kanamycin in root inducement of adventitious bud was 20 mg·L-1. The authors also found that differentiation rate of adventitious buds of Populus×euramericana cl. 'Bofeng 1’ could be significantly promoted by increased copper concentration, and this is the first report about the key role of copper (Cu) in explant regeneration of Poplars. This regeneration system with high frequency which was established by the authors was as good as that of species of Leuce section, and it provides a good technological platform for genetic engineering of forest tree which uses the species of Aigeiros section as model materials.
2012, 25(2): 163-168.
Abstract:
A distribution map of Pinus yunnanensis was made according to the data on geographical distribution of P. yunnanensis by means of applying geographic information systems software ArcGIS, and the climatic parameters of the distribution areas for P. yunnanensis were determined by the climate forecast model ClimateChina. The relationship between the geographical distribution of P. yunnanensis and the climate was studied by adopting the indexes of Kira including the warmth index (WI), coldness index (CI) and aridity index (K), Xu’s humidity index (HI), Holdridge’s life temperature (BT), potential evapotranspiration (PET), potential evapotranspiration ratio (PER) and the single factors as the mean annual temperature, the mean temperature in January, the mean temperature in July, the mean annual precipitation, the >5 ℃ accumulated temperature, the >18 ℃ accumulated temperature, the maximum temperature, the minimum temperature, the temperature variation, the ratio of temperature and precipitation of the year, etc. And the Kira’s water-temperature indexes on distributional upper limit, low limit and north limit were discussed. The major climatic factors effecting the distribution of P. yunnanensis were screened out by statistical analysis software SPSS and the results showed the impact factors are in the order of temperature > humidity> the temperature difference between mean warmest month temperature and mean coldest month temperature.
A distribution map of Pinus yunnanensis was made according to the data on geographical distribution of P. yunnanensis by means of applying geographic information systems software ArcGIS, and the climatic parameters of the distribution areas for P. yunnanensis were determined by the climate forecast model ClimateChina. The relationship between the geographical distribution of P. yunnanensis and the climate was studied by adopting the indexes of Kira including the warmth index (WI), coldness index (CI) and aridity index (K), Xu’s humidity index (HI), Holdridge’s life temperature (BT), potential evapotranspiration (PET), potential evapotranspiration ratio (PER) and the single factors as the mean annual temperature, the mean temperature in January, the mean temperature in July, the mean annual precipitation, the >5 ℃ accumulated temperature, the >18 ℃ accumulated temperature, the maximum temperature, the minimum temperature, the temperature variation, the ratio of temperature and precipitation of the year, etc. And the Kira’s water-temperature indexes on distributional upper limit, low limit and north limit were discussed. The major climatic factors effecting the distribution of P. yunnanensis were screened out by statistical analysis software SPSS and the results showed the impact factors are in the order of temperature > humidity> the temperature difference between mean warmest month temperature and mean coldest month temperature.
2012, 25(2): 169-173.
Abstract:
Base on the climate condition of Yunnan Province, the norm of the climate zoning for Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. was confirmed. Supported with SPSS, a spatial analysis model for zoning norm was established by linear regression analysis for the meteorological data of Yunnan Province. The growth status of D. sissoo in Yunnan, such as tree height or diameter is reckoned by the 1 km×1 km grid, and a zoning for the appropriate area for planting D. sissoo was conducted. It indicated that according to the climate conditions, the area for planting D. sissoo should take 32.5 percent of the total area of Yunnan Province. The proportion of the area is as following: the most suitable area takes 0.7 percent, the suitable area takes 7.4 percent, and the sub-suitable area takes 24.4 percent.
Base on the climate condition of Yunnan Province, the norm of the climate zoning for Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. was confirmed. Supported with SPSS, a spatial analysis model for zoning norm was established by linear regression analysis for the meteorological data of Yunnan Province. The growth status of D. sissoo in Yunnan, such as tree height or diameter is reckoned by the 1 km×1 km grid, and a zoning for the appropriate area for planting D. sissoo was conducted. It indicated that according to the climate conditions, the area for planting D. sissoo should take 32.5 percent of the total area of Yunnan Province. The proportion of the area is as following: the most suitable area takes 0.7 percent, the suitable area takes 7.4 percent, and the sub-suitable area takes 24.4 percent.
2012, 25(2): 174-181.
Abstract:
The effect of DNA extraction was analyzed by comparing the young leaf, terminal bud and flower of Litsea cubeba. The time of DNA digestion and several key factors affecting the PCR selective amplification such as Mg2+ concentration, dNTPs concentration and the mount of the selective amplification primer were also trialed. An optimized AFLP reaction system of Litsea cubeba was established. The results showed that the high quality genomic DNA as a PCR template could be isolated from the bud tissue; genomic DNA could be digested in a hour by 5 U EcoR I and 5 U Mse I; The optical selection amplification system was 20 μL reaction mix containing 1.0 U rTaq polymerase, 2.0 μL 10×PCR buffer, 1.8 μL 25 mmol·L-1MgCl2, 1.4 μL 2.5 mmol·L-1dNTP, 100 ng·μL-1 primer each 1.0 μL. Clear and stable amplification band patterns can be obtained and 10 pairs of AFLP primers with good genetic diversity were selected according to the optimized reaction system. The results will be an effective protocol for further studying the genetic structure and differentiation of Litsea cubeba population.
The effect of DNA extraction was analyzed by comparing the young leaf, terminal bud and flower of Litsea cubeba. The time of DNA digestion and several key factors affecting the PCR selective amplification such as Mg2+ concentration, dNTPs concentration and the mount of the selective amplification primer were also trialed. An optimized AFLP reaction system of Litsea cubeba was established. The results showed that the high quality genomic DNA as a PCR template could be isolated from the bud tissue; genomic DNA could be digested in a hour by 5 U EcoR I and 5 U Mse I; The optical selection amplification system was 20 μL reaction mix containing 1.0 U rTaq polymerase, 2.0 μL 10×PCR buffer, 1.8 μL 25 mmol·L-1MgCl2, 1.4 μL 2.5 mmol·L-1dNTP, 100 ng·μL-1 primer each 1.0 μL. Clear and stable amplification band patterns can be obtained and 10 pairs of AFLP primers with good genetic diversity were selected according to the optimized reaction system. The results will be an effective protocol for further studying the genetic structure and differentiation of Litsea cubeba population.
2012, 25(2): 182-189.
Abstract:
With the support of RS and GIS technology, the landscape in Yuhuan County of Zhejiang was divided into 10 types based on the analysis to the overall characteristics of landscape, the landscape pattern of coastal shelterbelt and its response to elevation change, with SPOT5 remote sensing imagery as the data source. The landscape in Yuhuan was highly heterogeneous, with a disproportionate structure for forest landscape. The coniferous forests took the majority in the total area, while the broadleaved forest and mixed forest occupied a low proportion. With the change of elevation, the landscape exhibited notable differentiation. As the altitude increased, the patch tended to increase in size, and more regularly shaped. The aggregation and connectivity tended to increase and fragmentation to decrease. We concluded that the human activity and urbanization process were the primary drivers in landscape heterogeneity variations, and the typhoon played an important role in landscape heterogeneity incensement.
With the support of RS and GIS technology, the landscape in Yuhuan County of Zhejiang was divided into 10 types based on the analysis to the overall characteristics of landscape, the landscape pattern of coastal shelterbelt and its response to elevation change, with SPOT5 remote sensing imagery as the data source. The landscape in Yuhuan was highly heterogeneous, with a disproportionate structure for forest landscape. The coniferous forests took the majority in the total area, while the broadleaved forest and mixed forest occupied a low proportion. With the change of elevation, the landscape exhibited notable differentiation. As the altitude increased, the patch tended to increase in size, and more regularly shaped. The aggregation and connectivity tended to increase and fragmentation to decrease. We concluded that the human activity and urbanization process were the primary drivers in landscape heterogeneity variations, and the typhoon played an important role in landscape heterogeneity incensement.
2012, 25(2): 190-194.
Abstract:
By adopting the evaluation index system of conservation priority which included threatened coefficient, genetic coefficient, utilization coefficient, protection status coefficient and list status coefficient, the endangered plants in Northeast China were quantitatively analyzed and synthetically evaluated, and the value of conservation priority and conservation priority grades of the endangered plants were determined. The results showed that there were 60 species of endangered plants belonging to 42 genera and 25 families in Northeast China, the value of conservation priority ranged from 0.853 8-0.318 4. The endangered plants were divided into 3 grades according to their values of conservation priority, 17 species belonging to 15 genera and 11 families were in the first grade protection, 18 species belonging to 14 genera and 11 families were in the second grade protection, 25 species belonging to 17 genera and 13 families were in the third grade protection. The quantitatively evaluation index system of conservation priority in this paper represented the degree of conservation priority of the endangered plants comprehensively, objectively and accurately.
By adopting the evaluation index system of conservation priority which included threatened coefficient, genetic coefficient, utilization coefficient, protection status coefficient and list status coefficient, the endangered plants in Northeast China were quantitatively analyzed and synthetically evaluated, and the value of conservation priority and conservation priority grades of the endangered plants were determined. The results showed that there were 60 species of endangered plants belonging to 42 genera and 25 families in Northeast China, the value of conservation priority ranged from 0.853 8-0.318 4. The endangered plants were divided into 3 grades according to their values of conservation priority, 17 species belonging to 15 genera and 11 families were in the first grade protection, 18 species belonging to 14 genera and 11 families were in the second grade protection, 25 species belonging to 17 genera and 13 families were in the third grade protection. The quantitatively evaluation index system of conservation priority in this paper represented the degree of conservation priority of the endangered plants comprehensively, objectively and accurately.
2012, 25(2): 195-200.
Abstract:
Homologous DXR gene cDNA was isolated from leaves of Eucommia ulmoides by method of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) technique, and named after EuDXR. The nucleotide sequence of EuDXR was 1 814 bp and contains an open reading frame (ORF) of 1 437 bp encoding 478 amino acids with a molecular weight of about 51.71 kD,and the theoretical isoelectric point of which was 5.79, representative motifs of plant DXR and 26 potential functional sites were deduced in the amino acids sequence of EuDXR. The results of phylogenetic analysis suggested that the protein sequence of EuDXR was more similar to that of Zea mays and Oryza sativa than other species, and followed by Hevea brasiliensis, Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana tabacum.
Homologous DXR gene cDNA was isolated from leaves of Eucommia ulmoides by method of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) technique, and named after EuDXR. The nucleotide sequence of EuDXR was 1 814 bp and contains an open reading frame (ORF) of 1 437 bp encoding 478 amino acids with a molecular weight of about 51.71 kD,and the theoretical isoelectric point of which was 5.79, representative motifs of plant DXR and 26 potential functional sites were deduced in the amino acids sequence of EuDXR. The results of phylogenetic analysis suggested that the protein sequence of EuDXR was more similar to that of Zea mays and Oryza sativa than other species, and followed by Hevea brasiliensis, Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana tabacum.
2012, 25(2): 201-206.
Abstract:
This paper established an integrated stand growth model of Mongolian oak (ISGM_oak) using the data from 61 permanent sample plots measured in 1997 and 2007. ISGM_ oak is a group of nonlinear simultaneous equations. The method of nonlinear error-in-variable simultaneous equations is used to estimate the parameters of ISGM_ oak with the statistical software Forstat 2.0, so the parameter estimation of the group of correlated equations in ISGM_oak is unbiased and the equations are compatible. Model validation using bootstrap method showed that both the average relative error and square error are less than 15 percent. The ISGM_ oak model can be used to simulate the stand growth with different values of site index, stand density and to draw stand density management diagram for decision making.
This paper established an integrated stand growth model of Mongolian oak (ISGM_oak) using the data from 61 permanent sample plots measured in 1997 and 2007. ISGM_ oak is a group of nonlinear simultaneous equations. The method of nonlinear error-in-variable simultaneous equations is used to estimate the parameters of ISGM_ oak with the statistical software Forstat 2.0, so the parameter estimation of the group of correlated equations in ISGM_oak is unbiased and the equations are compatible. Model validation using bootstrap method showed that both the average relative error and square error are less than 15 percent. The ISGM_ oak model can be used to simulate the stand growth with different values of site index, stand density and to draw stand density management diagram for decision making.
2012, 25(2): 207-211.
Abstract:
Along with the development of computer techniques, the application of computer in three-dimensional visualization simulation of plant growth process has been paid more and more attention. Taking Cunninghamia lanceolata as an example, the morphological parameters from the perspective of the visual simulation were designed and the trees’ morphological characteristics were analyzed based on the survey data. Combined with IFS (Iterated Function System) under the control of the growth curve, by using Object-oriented design methods, and according to API and model rendering technology provided by DIRECTX9.0, a three-dimensional visualization system on the growth and development of C. lanceolata individual tree were developed on the.NET and DIRECTX9.0 platforms, which realized the static and dynamic three-dimensional visualization simulation.
Along with the development of computer techniques, the application of computer in three-dimensional visualization simulation of plant growth process has been paid more and more attention. Taking Cunninghamia lanceolata as an example, the morphological parameters from the perspective of the visual simulation were designed and the trees’ morphological characteristics were analyzed based on the survey data. Combined with IFS (Iterated Function System) under the control of the growth curve, by using Object-oriented design methods, and according to API and model rendering technology provided by DIRECTX9.0, a three-dimensional visualization system on the growth and development of C. lanceolata individual tree were developed on the.NET and DIRECTX9.0 platforms, which realized the static and dynamic three-dimensional visualization simulation.
2012, 25(2): 212-217.
Abstract:
Six types of representative forest stands at the Maoershan Experimental Station in the Ashi River’s upstream watershed were selected to investigate the forest stock volume and water-holding capacity of litter layers, and the data obtained were analyzed quantitatively. The results showed that the thickness of litter layer was in the range of 2.8 5.5 cm; the total stock volume of litter layer was in 9.27 39.81 t·hm-2; the maximum water holding capacity ranged from 25.65 t·hm-2 to 136.83 t·hm-2; the maximum retain capacity was 21.02 87.53 t·hm-2; and the total effective retain deepness was 1.72 6.71 mm. The water-holding capacity of the six types of forest litter layers was listed in decreasing order as follows: Larix gmelini forest>conifer-broadleaved mixed forest>Pinus koraiensis forest>Quercus mongolica forest>Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica forest>Fraxinus mandshurica forest. Regression analysis for the six types of forest stand litters showed logarithmic relationships between water-holding capacity of litter and socking time, and power functions between water absorption rate and soaking time.
Six types of representative forest stands at the Maoershan Experimental Station in the Ashi River’s upstream watershed were selected to investigate the forest stock volume and water-holding capacity of litter layers, and the data obtained were analyzed quantitatively. The results showed that the thickness of litter layer was in the range of 2.8 5.5 cm; the total stock volume of litter layer was in 9.27 39.81 t·hm-2; the maximum water holding capacity ranged from 25.65 t·hm-2 to 136.83 t·hm-2; the maximum retain capacity was 21.02 87.53 t·hm-2; and the total effective retain deepness was 1.72 6.71 mm. The water-holding capacity of the six types of forest litter layers was listed in decreasing order as follows: Larix gmelini forest>conifer-broadleaved mixed forest>Pinus koraiensis forest>Quercus mongolica forest>Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica forest>Fraxinus mandshurica forest. Regression analysis for the six types of forest stand litters showed logarithmic relationships between water-holding capacity of litter and socking time, and power functions between water absorption rate and soaking time.
2012, 25(2): 218-222.
Abstract:
In order to study the effects of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus infection on the nutritional chemicals and secondary metabolites of the host plants, the total sugars, reducing sugar, soluble sugar, soluble proteins, tannins and total phenol in stem were assayed in two host plants Pinus thunbergii and P. massoniana inoculated with B. xylophilus. The results indicated that the total sugar concentration of both P. thunbergii and P. massoniana increased after inoculating and then decreased gradually with the extending of the attack time. The soluble sugar content of P. thunbergii decreased obviously, while that of P. massoniana changed slightly until 15 days and then decreased. The soluble protein content of both host plants decreased at first, then increased and decreased again. The tannin content of P. thunbergii increased all along with infecting time, whereas that of P. massoniana decreased in the first day and increased until 30 days. The total phenol content of P. thunbergii increased in the first 7 days and then decreased in the following days, but that of P. massoniana continued to increase after inoculating, and showed significant difference from the third day on. The changing tendency of above substances interpreted the physiopathology response of different host plant infected with B. xylophilus.
In order to study the effects of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus infection on the nutritional chemicals and secondary metabolites of the host plants, the total sugars, reducing sugar, soluble sugar, soluble proteins, tannins and total phenol in stem were assayed in two host plants Pinus thunbergii and P. massoniana inoculated with B. xylophilus. The results indicated that the total sugar concentration of both P. thunbergii and P. massoniana increased after inoculating and then decreased gradually with the extending of the attack time. The soluble sugar content of P. thunbergii decreased obviously, while that of P. massoniana changed slightly until 15 days and then decreased. The soluble protein content of both host plants decreased at first, then increased and decreased again. The tannin content of P. thunbergii increased all along with infecting time, whereas that of P. massoniana decreased in the first day and increased until 30 days. The total phenol content of P. thunbergii increased in the first 7 days and then decreased in the following days, but that of P. massoniana continued to increase after inoculating, and showed significant difference from the third day on. The changing tendency of above substances interpreted the physiopathology response of different host plant infected with B. xylophilus.
2012, 25(2): 223-226.
Abstract:
The damage characteristics and spatial distribution of Sphenoptera sp. larvae population on Artemisia ordosica were analyzed by using biostatistics and geostatistical methods in order to effectively control the insect and to further study the damage characteristics and spatial distribution of the population. The results showed that the larvae of Sphenoptera sp. distributed on the whole plant, but showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing from top to bottom. However, about 95% of the larvae were concentrated in the roots 8 cm underground. Four theoretical models (spherical, exponential, Gaussian, and linear) were used to represent the observed spatial correlation of larvae and it was found that the spherical isotropic model fitted the best with 3.12 m spatial dependence and 0.98 intensity of local spatial continuity. These indicated that the spatial distribution of larvae followed an aggregation distribution, and the aggregation points were primarily distributed in different areas of the woodland and then spread to the entire woodland.
The damage characteristics and spatial distribution of Sphenoptera sp. larvae population on Artemisia ordosica were analyzed by using biostatistics and geostatistical methods in order to effectively control the insect and to further study the damage characteristics and spatial distribution of the population. The results showed that the larvae of Sphenoptera sp. distributed on the whole plant, but showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing from top to bottom. However, about 95% of the larvae were concentrated in the roots 8 cm underground. Four theoretical models (spherical, exponential, Gaussian, and linear) were used to represent the observed spatial correlation of larvae and it was found that the spherical isotropic model fitted the best with 3.12 m spatial dependence and 0.98 intensity of local spatial continuity. These indicated that the spatial distribution of larvae followed an aggregation distribution, and the aggregation points were primarily distributed in different areas of the woodland and then spread to the entire woodland.
2012, 25(2): 227-230.
Abstract:
Taking Acacia mangium elite trees as explants, the tissue culture technique system for dormant bud of 3-5 year-old elite trees was established. The system includes the germination-inducing of the dormant buds, the multiplying of shoots, the rooting of adventitious shoots, and the pre-treating and transplanting of seedlings. The medium MS + Sucrose 30 g·L-1 + BA 0.5 mg·L-1 + NAA 0.1 mg·L-1 was used for inducing the dormant buds; the medium MS + BA 1.0 mg·L-1 + NAA 0.05 mg·L-1 was used for multiplying; while the medium 1/2 MS + IBA 2.0 mg·L-1 + NAA 0.5 mg·L-1 was used for rooting. The results revealed that it was viable to producing field seedlings with micropropagation. Although the branches with dormant buds harbored many kinds of microbes and the adventitious shoots were not easy to root, 20% to 30% healthy germination could be yielded and the rooting rate of adventitious shoots could be higher than 85%. Pretreated with ABT powder (rooting hormone), both the rooting rate and survival rate of adventitious shoots were nearly 100%.
Taking Acacia mangium elite trees as explants, the tissue culture technique system for dormant bud of 3-5 year-old elite trees was established. The system includes the germination-inducing of the dormant buds, the multiplying of shoots, the rooting of adventitious shoots, and the pre-treating and transplanting of seedlings. The medium MS + Sucrose 30 g·L-1 + BA 0.5 mg·L-1 + NAA 0.1 mg·L-1 was used for inducing the dormant buds; the medium MS + BA 1.0 mg·L-1 + NAA 0.05 mg·L-1 was used for multiplying; while the medium 1/2 MS + IBA 2.0 mg·L-1 + NAA 0.5 mg·L-1 was used for rooting. The results revealed that it was viable to producing field seedlings with micropropagation. Although the branches with dormant buds harbored many kinds of microbes and the adventitious shoots were not easy to root, 20% to 30% healthy germination could be yielded and the rooting rate of adventitious shoots could be higher than 85%. Pretreated with ABT powder (rooting hormone), both the rooting rate and survival rate of adventitious shoots were nearly 100%.
2012, 25(2): 231-235.
Abstract:
In order to test the accuracy of the usually-used fixed calibration factor of the canopy scanner of LAI-2000 for measuring the leaf area index (LAI), a Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation was chosen in the small watershed of Xiangshuihe located at the Liupan Mountains of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of NW China, the LAI was measured in October 2010, a period from full canopy to the total fall of needles, by using both the LAI-2000 and litter-fall collection method. Then, a comparison was made between the LAI values determined by the litter-fall collection and that calculated based on the figures read from LAI-2000 and the fixed calibration factor (1.49). It showed that the average of LAI measurements of the 2 methods was very close, with a difference of only 5%. However, the calculated LAI from LAI-2000 was obviously higher than the true values determined by litter-fall collection when the canopy was full of needles; and obviously lower than the true value when the canopy was sparse after needle falling. The reason may be that LAI-2000 takes the projection of twigs as needles. So, a dynamic calibration factor is needed, especially in the seasons when the needle amount and the percentage of twigs projection in crown projection change quickly. Therefore, a statistic relation in a quadratic polynomial form between the 2 series of LAI data was well fitted. This relation can be used for a more accurate estimation of LAI based on the data read from the easily-used canopy scanners like LAI-2000.
In order to test the accuracy of the usually-used fixed calibration factor of the canopy scanner of LAI-2000 for measuring the leaf area index (LAI), a Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation was chosen in the small watershed of Xiangshuihe located at the Liupan Mountains of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of NW China, the LAI was measured in October 2010, a period from full canopy to the total fall of needles, by using both the LAI-2000 and litter-fall collection method. Then, a comparison was made between the LAI values determined by the litter-fall collection and that calculated based on the figures read from LAI-2000 and the fixed calibration factor (1.49). It showed that the average of LAI measurements of the 2 methods was very close, with a difference of only 5%. However, the calculated LAI from LAI-2000 was obviously higher than the true values determined by litter-fall collection when the canopy was full of needles; and obviously lower than the true value when the canopy was sparse after needle falling. The reason may be that LAI-2000 takes the projection of twigs as needles. So, a dynamic calibration factor is needed, especially in the seasons when the needle amount and the percentage of twigs projection in crown projection change quickly. Therefore, a statistic relation in a quadratic polynomial form between the 2 series of LAI data was well fitted. This relation can be used for a more accurate estimation of LAI based on the data read from the easily-used canopy scanners like LAI-2000.
2012, 25(2): 236-240.
Abstract:
Based on pre-census survey, 36 representative walnut seedlings were selected to analyze the top leaf’s five morphological traits and nut’s eight morphological traits. The results showed: (1) In Tibet, the traits of nuts and leaves of walnuts changed in a large range, the ratio of the maximum and minimum values of the traits could be as high as 3.06, showing the leaf traits and nut traits with certain diversity. (2) The variation coefficients of leaf area, suture line height, husk thickness and nut weight were about 20%, the genetic diversity and these traits had greater selectivity in breeding, the variation coefficients of the indexes of leaf shape, nut length, nut height and the indexes of nut shape did not reach 10%, these traits kept stable. (3) There was a significantly positive correlation between leaf area and nut weight and suture line height, the correlation coefficients were 0.505 and 0.440, which noted that the larger the leaf area, the greater the height and the larger the suture, there was a significant positive correlation between leaf width and nut weight, the correlation coefficient was 0.561.
Based on pre-census survey, 36 representative walnut seedlings were selected to analyze the top leaf’s five morphological traits and nut’s eight morphological traits. The results showed: (1) In Tibet, the traits of nuts and leaves of walnuts changed in a large range, the ratio of the maximum and minimum values of the traits could be as high as 3.06, showing the leaf traits and nut traits with certain diversity. (2) The variation coefficients of leaf area, suture line height, husk thickness and nut weight were about 20%, the genetic diversity and these traits had greater selectivity in breeding, the variation coefficients of the indexes of leaf shape, nut length, nut height and the indexes of nut shape did not reach 10%, these traits kept stable. (3) There was a significantly positive correlation between leaf area and nut weight and suture line height, the correlation coefficients were 0.505 and 0.440, which noted that the larger the leaf area, the greater the height and the larger the suture, there was a significant positive correlation between leaf width and nut weight, the correlation coefficient was 0.561.
2012, 25(2): 241-245.
Abstract:
Light media selection trial was conducted for cultivating micro-propagated seedlings of Betula alnoides. It was indicated that the media, clones and their interactions had significant (P (PP>0.05). The three light media were remarkably better than soil for the growth of B. alnoides seedlings. The flexibilities of five clones to these light media were also quite different, for example, the clone B5 adapted to all the media. As a whole, the medium with 25 percent of pine skin and 75 percent of carbonized sawdust was the best for cultivating micro-propagated seedlings of B. alnoides, and was recommended to be used in practice.
Light media selection trial was conducted for cultivating micro-propagated seedlings of Betula alnoides. It was indicated that the media, clones and their interactions had significant (P (PP>0.05). The three light media were remarkably better than soil for the growth of B. alnoides seedlings. The flexibilities of five clones to these light media were also quite different, for example, the clone B5 adapted to all the media. As a whole, the medium with 25 percent of pine skin and 75 percent of carbonized sawdust was the best for cultivating micro-propagated seedlings of B. alnoides, and was recommended to be used in practice.
2012, 25(2): 246-253.
Abstract:
The experiment on four exotic alder including Alnus glutinosa, A. rubra, A. nitida and A. incana growing under four different concentrations of nitrogen was conducted in a greenhouse in order to research the alder’s responses under different nitrogen concentrations and stresses. The results showed that the growing parameters of alder on the survival percent of transplanting, plant height, ground diameter, biomass, root-top ratio, relative content of chlorophyll (SPAD) and rooting parameters (length, superficial area, volume and tips of root) were significant among different materials and different nitrogen concentrations, the different level of nitrogen significantly affected the growth of alder. Specifically, the survival percent of transplanting went down with the going up of nitrogen concentration, and the plant height, ground diameter, relative content of chlorophyll and rooting parameters went up when nitrogen varied from 0 to 1/2 normal nitrogen, yet went down at one or two times of normal nitrogen (E. G. Bollard formula). The relative content of chlorophyll went up with the concentration of nitrogen increasing from 0 to 2 normal nitrogen, and its trend during one year period showed rising firstly and then descending. The relationship between the value of SPAD and biomass did not appear positive correlation. The appropriate concentration for growing on alder was 1/2 normal nitrogen. The order of performance of growth among the four alder was Alnus glutinosa, A. rubra, A. nitida and A. incana. So, A. glutinosa and A. rubra potentially could be used as plantation trees of ecological protection and short-rotation lumber in the beach and low hills of middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River.
The experiment on four exotic alder including Alnus glutinosa, A. rubra, A. nitida and A. incana growing under four different concentrations of nitrogen was conducted in a greenhouse in order to research the alder’s responses under different nitrogen concentrations and stresses. The results showed that the growing parameters of alder on the survival percent of transplanting, plant height, ground diameter, biomass, root-top ratio, relative content of chlorophyll (SPAD) and rooting parameters (length, superficial area, volume and tips of root) were significant among different materials and different nitrogen concentrations, the different level of nitrogen significantly affected the growth of alder. Specifically, the survival percent of transplanting went down with the going up of nitrogen concentration, and the plant height, ground diameter, relative content of chlorophyll and rooting parameters went up when nitrogen varied from 0 to 1/2 normal nitrogen, yet went down at one or two times of normal nitrogen (E. G. Bollard formula). The relative content of chlorophyll went up with the concentration of nitrogen increasing from 0 to 2 normal nitrogen, and its trend during one year period showed rising firstly and then descending. The relationship between the value of SPAD and biomass did not appear positive correlation. The appropriate concentration for growing on alder was 1/2 normal nitrogen. The order of performance of growth among the four alder was Alnus glutinosa, A. rubra, A. nitida and A. incana. So, A. glutinosa and A. rubra potentially could be used as plantation trees of ecological protection and short-rotation lumber in the beach and low hills of middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River.
2012, 25(2): 254-260.
Abstract:
AP2 gene is a key transcription factor involved in flower development in plants. The full cDNA of AP2 gene was isolated from Betula platyphylla Suk. by methods of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and 5’and 3’rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). Results showed that AP2 gene contains an open reading frame (ORF) of 1554bp encoding 517 amino acids. Molecular weight of the deduced protein of BpAP2 is 56.74kDa and the theoretical isoelectric point is 6. 34. The AP2 functional sites and characterized domains were confirmed in the sequence, so the isolated gene was named as BpAP2, and registered in GenBank with accession number JN247408. The deduced amino acid sequence shared 51% 77% of identity with other twelve plant species, the maximum identity with Arabidopsis thaliana (77%) and minimum identity with Pinus thunbergii (51%). A phylogenetic tree was constructed according to multiple sequences alignment of all the thirteen plant species. Transcription expression of BpAP2 was analyzed by qRT-PCR in different tissues and periods in B. platyphylla. Results showed that BpAP2 was more highly expressed in floral organs than in vegetative organs, expression quantity more highly in young tissues than in mature tissues. It inferred that BpAP2 transfactor involved in the regulation of development of floral organs and meristematic tissues in Betula. In addition, a natural male inflorescence- abnormal mutant of B. platyphylla was used for transcription analysis of BpAP2. Results showed that BpAP2 gene is expressed up-regulatedly in female inflorescences, while down-regulation in male inflorescences, young leaves and young shoots, which predicted that BpAP2 should be involved in regulation and expression of multiple genes, and not only be involved in the development of floral organs, but also play some roles in the development of vegetative tissues.
AP2 gene is a key transcription factor involved in flower development in plants. The full cDNA of AP2 gene was isolated from Betula platyphylla Suk. by methods of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and 5’and 3’rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). Results showed that AP2 gene contains an open reading frame (ORF) of 1554bp encoding 517 amino acids. Molecular weight of the deduced protein of BpAP2 is 56.74kDa and the theoretical isoelectric point is 6. 34. The AP2 functional sites and characterized domains were confirmed in the sequence, so the isolated gene was named as BpAP2, and registered in GenBank with accession number JN247408. The deduced amino acid sequence shared 51% 77% of identity with other twelve plant species, the maximum identity with Arabidopsis thaliana (77%) and minimum identity with Pinus thunbergii (51%). A phylogenetic tree was constructed according to multiple sequences alignment of all the thirteen plant species. Transcription expression of BpAP2 was analyzed by qRT-PCR in different tissues and periods in B. platyphylla. Results showed that BpAP2 was more highly expressed in floral organs than in vegetative organs, expression quantity more highly in young tissues than in mature tissues. It inferred that BpAP2 transfactor involved in the regulation of development of floral organs and meristematic tissues in Betula. In addition, a natural male inflorescence- abnormal mutant of B. platyphylla was used for transcription analysis of BpAP2. Results showed that BpAP2 gene is expressed up-regulatedly in female inflorescences, while down-regulation in male inflorescences, young leaves and young shoots, which predicted that BpAP2 should be involved in regulation and expression of multiple genes, and not only be involved in the development of floral organs, but also play some roles in the development of vegetative tissues.
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